Simplified indirect speech in English. English exercises on direct and indirect speech

1. Complete sentences in an indirect speech.

For example: Let me sing for you. (Let me sing for you.) - John offered to sing for me. (John offered to sing for me.)

1. “Why don’t you take some aspirin?” (Why don't you drink aspirin?) - He suggested .... (He suggested …)

2. “You should never tell lies.” (You can't tell a lie.) - Mary taught us ... (Mary taught us ...

3. “I will not swim so far.” (I won’t go so far.) - He refused ... (He refused ...)

4. “Please don’t shout at me.” (Please don't yell at me.) - Kate begged ... (Kate begged ...)

5. “Put some mushrooms in the soup.” (Add some mushrooms to the soup.) - Father told ... (Dad said ...)

6. “Could you wash up after our dinner?” (Could you wash the dishes after our dinner?) - She asked ... (She asked ...)

2. Convert general questions into indirect speech, paying particular attention to times.

For example: Can I have some pocket money? (Can I have some pocket money?) - His son asked if he could have some pocket money. (His son asked if he could have some pocket money.)

1. Do you live in Brazil? (Do you live in Brazil?) - They asked her ...

2. Is Johnny dancing rock-n-roll? (Johnny dancing rock and roll?) - She wondered ...

3. Are they angry with him? (Are they mad at him?) - We wanted to know ..

4. Has Lara finished her lunch? (Lara finished dinner?) - I asked ...

5. Will she show me her paintings? (Will she show me her paintings?) - He wondered ...

6. Did you work as a sales assistant? (Did you work as a seller?) - I asked him ...

7. Can I go to the playground? (May I go to the playground?) - My niece asked me ...

8. Does Mike produce dairy products? (Does Mike produce dairy products?) - They wondered ...

3. Convert special questions to indirect speech.

For example: Where did you buy such a lovely dress? (Where did you buy such a beautiful dress?) - I asked my mother where she had bought such a lovely dress. (I asked my mother where she bought such a beautiful dress.)

1. How far is the hospital? (How far is the hospital?) - She wanted to know ..

2. Where are they? (Where are they?) - I asked ...

3. Why were the kids frightened? (Why were the children scared?) - He wondered ...

4. When can I call you back? (When can I call you back?) - I asked her ...

5. Which boat did Tom choose? (Which boat did Tom choose?) - We wondered ...

6. How often do you load the paper into the tray? (How often do you load paper in the tray?) - She asked him ...

7. When will the ceremony start? (When will the ceremony begin?) - I wanted to know ...

8. How many fish has he caught? (How many fish did he catch?) - We wondered ...

9. Why did you play a trick on her? (Why did you play a trick on her?) - I asked him ...

10. What does she sell in the market? (What does she sell in the market?) - They asked ...

Answers:

1.
  1. He suggested I should take some aspirin.
  2. Mary taught us not to tell lies.
  3. He refused to swim so far.
  4. Kate begged not to shout at her.
  5. Father told to put some mushrooms in the soup.
  6. She asked to wash up after their dinner.

2.
  1. They asked her if she lived in Brazil.
  2. She wondered if Johnny was dancing rock-n-roll.
  3. We wanted to know if they were angry with him.
  4. I asked if Lara had finished her lunch.
  5. He wondered if she would show him her paintings.
  6. I asked him if he had worked as a sales assistant.
  7. My niece asked me if she could go to the playground.
  8. They wondered if Mike produced dairy products.

3.
  1. She wanted to know how far the hospital was.
  2. I asked where they were.
  3. He wondered why the kids had been frightened.
  4. I asked her when I could call her back.
  5. We wondered which boat Tom had had chosen.
  6. She asked him how often he loaded the paper into the tray.
  7. I wanted to know when the ceremony would start.
  8. We wondered how many fish he had caught.
  9. I asked him why he had played a trick on her.
  10. They asked what she sold in the market.

Very often in speech we need to convey someone’s words (someone said something), and often we do this in our own words, avoiding direct speech. How do we do this? Very simple, we turn it into a subordinate clause.

John said, "I want to get a new job". - John said, "I want to get a new job."
  John said (that) he wanted to get a new job. - John said he wants a new job.

About how to do it correctly, we will talk further.

In English, there are a number of features that should be considered when changing direct speech  in indirect.

In order to translate direct speech into indirect, you need to omit the comma after the words introducing direct speech, and quotation marks. Often indirect speech in English is introduced by the union that, which, however, can be omitted (which is why we put the word that  in parentheses in the example above).

You should have noticed that our time category has changed ( I want  on the I wanted), a similar phenomenon in English is called time alignment  (this is the dependence of the tense of the verb in the subordinate clause on the tense of the verb in the main).

In the table below you can see all cases of such transformations.

If the predicate of the main sentence is in the present  or the future  time, then the predicate of the subordinate will stand in that very time, which was in direct speech.

The situation is a little more complicated if the predicate of the main sentence is in past  of time, here the very rules come into force coordination of times.

It is also important to remember that in addition to the verbs themselves, when coordinating the tenses, we need to take into account the change in adverbs and pronouns.

Personal and possessive pronouns

Olga said, " I  will give you  back your  book ". - Olga said: "I will give you your book."
  Olga said (that) she  would give me  back my  book. - Olga said that she would give me my book.

You you can not  to tell:

you  back your  book. - Olga told me that she will give you your  a book.

but, as in Russian, you will say:

Olga said that she would give me  back my  book. - Olga will give to mine  a book.

Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs of time and place

That is, when translating into indirect speech our phrase:

Richard said, "I went to my parents yesterday». – Richard said, "Yesterday I went to see my parents."

We will get:

Richard said (that) he had gone to his parents the day before. – Richard said he went to his parents yesterday.

Another example:

She said, "I saw this  film last night». – She said: "I saw this film last night."
  She said (that) she had seen that  film the previous night. – She said she saw that movie the previous night.

Modal verbs

You will also find useful information on how modal verbs behave when moving from direct to indirect speech.

Mike said, "I can  cook this dish ". - Mike said, "I can make this dish."
  Mike said (that) he could  cook that dish. - Mike said he can cook that dish.

She said, "I could  go to school. " - She said: "I could go to school."
  She said (that) she could  go to school. - She said she could go to school.

Conditional offers

Sometimes we also need to redo conditional sentences into indirect speech.

I type  conditional offer changes by the rules coordination of times.

If the weather is  fine, I will  go outside. - If the weather is good, I will go outside.
  He said if the weather was  fine he would  go outside. - He said that if the weather is good, he will go outside.

Conditional offers II and III type  Do not change their shape.

II type:

If the weather were  fine, I would  go outside. - If the weather was good, I would go outside.
  I said if the weather were  fine, I would  go outside. - I said that if the weather was good, then I would go outside.

III type:

If the weather had been  fine yesterday, I would have gone  outside. - If the weather was good yesterday, then I would go outside.
  I said if the weather had been  fine, I would have gone  outside. - I said that if the weather was good yesterday, I would go out.

Question in direct speech

Now such a moment, let's say you have question in direct speechto be transferred to indirect speech.

Unlike the question in direct speech, where in most cases there is a reverse word order (except for questions to the subject) - the subject is faced with a predicate or part of it,

questions in indirect speech  have the structure of a narrative sentence, i.e. direct word order  (subject, predicate)

There is no question mark at the end of such a sentence; auxiliary verb to do  in Present  and Past indefinite  not used.

She asked me, "When did you see me?" - She asked me: “When did you see me?”
  She asked me when I had seen her. – She asked me when I saw her.

He asked me, "Who showed you my notes?" - He asked me: “Who showed you my notes?”
  He asked me who had shown  me his notes. - He asked me about who showed me his notes.

Here we see a question for the subject, and there is generally no auxiliary verb.

General issues  replaced by a subordinate clause that joins the main with the help of unions if  and whetherrelevant particles whether.  A comma is not set.

She asked me, "Do you know my husband?" - She asked me: “Do you know my husband?”
  She asked if (whether)  I knew her husband. - She asked me if I knew her husband.

Imperative mood

And the last case that you may encounter in this topic is the transformation of the imperative mood. In indirect speech, the imperative is replaced infinitive.

He said to me, "Open the window". - He told me: "Open the window."
  He asked me to  open the window. - He asked to open the window.

If direct speech expresses orderthen we replace the verb to say  (say) on to tell (command, say)  or to order  (to order). If direct speech expresses a request, then the verb to say  we replace with to ask  (ask)

She said to me, “Give me a pen.” - She said, "Give me a pen."
  She told me  to give her a pen. - She told me to give her a pen.

As for the negative form, in indirect speech in the imperative mood, negation is replaced infinitive with particle not.

James said to her, "Don" t go ". - James said to her: "Do not leave."
  James asked her not to go. – James asked her not to leave.

Today we carry out exercises for direct and indirect speech in English. First I suggest you repeat the rules. I hope you are ready and we can start the exercises.

The article has exercises for use

  Indirect speech exercises. Affirmative suggestions.

In this chapter, we perform indirect speech exercises to translate affirmative sentences from direct speech to indirect.

Exercise 1.

Example “I work hard,” Jillian said.

Jillian said that he worked hard.

1. “I am planning to go to Kenya,” Sally said.
2. “I take my little sister to school every day,” little Anthony said.
3. “You may take my textbook,” Nonna said.
4. “They are playing in the gym now,” Nick said.
5. “I don’t like chocolate,” Mary said.
6. “My sister is ready to go” Helen said.
7. “My mother usually goes shopping on Saturday,” the girl said.
8. “The birds build their nests among the trees,” the teacher said.
9. “I am not married,” Jimmy said.
10. “I can" t read these books. I don’t like them, ”Petra said.

Exercise 2.  Change the direct speech into reported speech. Translate into indirect speech.

Example 1: I have already finished the test. -\u003e He said he had already finished the test.

1. We have gone on holiday.
2. Nelly can’t write; she has cut her finger.
3. The Ivanovs have traveled to many places.
4. Sam has already learnt the poem.
5. My sister has broken my pencil.
6. My dad has never traveled by plane.
7. Andrew has lost his keys.
8. Jill has never slept in a tent.

Example 2: The party finished late. -\u003e He said (that) the party had finished late.

1. They lived in a camp when they were on holiday.
2. My brother got up early this morning.
3. Li was a famous sportsman.
4. The couple agreed to meet at six.
5. Yesterday, I saw Mary in the street.
6. Sammy arrived by train.
7. Nicky went home early yesterday.
8. The kids played tennis in the yard.

Example 3: I’ll meet them at school. -\u003e He said he would meet them at school.

1. The match will take place next week.
2. This work will take little time.
3. My parents will come at 3.
4. Mike will do this exercise later.
5. My friend won’t be able to come.
6. They’ll build a new hotel here.
7. It will rain tomorrow.
8. Sandy won’t be able to come.
9. We’ll have examinations next year.

Exercise 3.  Imagine that you met your friend and he told you something. Write what he told you.

Example: I haven’t seen you for a long time .-\u003e He told me that he hadn’t seen me for a long time.

1. I was away from school because I was ill.
2. I phoned you many times but you were out.
3. Some of the schoolmates came to see me.
4. I had a cold and stayed in bed.
5. I watched TV.
6. I’ll come to school next week.
7. I’ll be better I hope.
8. The doctor has given me many pills.

Exercise 4.  Rewrite sentences from indirect speech directly.

Example: He said the meeting had finished. -\u003e The meeting has finished.

1. He said that his bus hadn’t come in time the day beforе.
2. The boys said they would go to the football match.
3. He said their team hadn’t won the last game.
4. Molly said that she had gone to the library after school.
5. Liz said that she would go home early.
6. Wе said that we hadn’t made any plans yet.

  Indirect speech exercises. Interrogative sentences.

We turn to exercises for practicing the translation of interrogative sentences from direct speech to indirect.

Exercise 5.   Imagine that you saw your doctor yesterday because you had a bad headache. Tell your partner what questions the doctor asked.

Example: Do you sleep well?

- The doctor asked me if I slept well.

1. Is anything wrong with you?
2. Do you sometimes have headaches?
3. Are you taking any medicine now?
4. Do you spend much time out- of-doors?
5. Do you do sports?
6. Have you a good appetite?
7. Do you usually go to bed late?
8. Will you follow my advice?

Exercise 6.  Imagine that a reporter from the local newspaper came to your school yesterday. Report his questions.

Example: How long have you studied at this school?

He asked me how long I had studied at that school.

1. What do you like about your school?
2. What school activity did you have last?
3. What good habits have you formed at school?
4. What is your favorite subject?
5. What is more important for you at school?
6. How often do you go on school trips?
7. What is your school record?

Exercise 7.  Report the questions.

Example: Are you glad to be back?

He asked me if I was glad to be back.

1. How are you?
2. How long have you been away?
3. Are you going away again?
4. What will you do in future?
5. Why did you come back?
6. What are you doing now?
7. Have you made new friends?
8. Where are you living now?

Exercise 8. Report the questions.

Example: Are you English?

She asked him if he was English.

1. Can Molly speak English?
2. What impressed you most in England?
3. When did Rick come home yesterday?
4. Does Megan like traveling?
5. Will you come to my place on Friday?
6. Is it your second visit to England?
7. Why have you come to scotland?
8. Will Molly stay at the hotel long?

Exercise 9. Write reported questions.

Example: “Who is he?” she asked.

She asked who he was.

1. “Why is she working so late?” he asked.
2. “Is she British?” he asked.
3. “What’s her name?” he asked.
4. “What did she buy?” he asked.
5. “Will you have something to eat?” she asked.
6. “Have they got any money?” she asked.
7. “How did you do that?” she asked.

  Indirect speech exercises. Promotional offers.

Exercise 10. Imagine that your mother gave you some instructions. Report them to your partner. Use the sentences below.

Example: Feed the cat.

She told me to feed the cat.

1. Come home straight after school.
2. Warm up your dinner.
3. Wash up the dishes after the dinner.
4. Buy bread, milk and sugar.
5. Start doing your homework before I come.
6. Take the dog for a walk.
7. Clean your room.
8. Wait for me at home.

Exercise 11. Tell your partner what instructions you have got from different teachers today. Use the sentences below.

Don’t be late for the lesson.

She told us not to be late for the lesson

1. Don’t stay outside after the bell comes.
2. Don’t run along the corridor.
3. Don’t make noise.
4. Don’t look into your neighbor’s exercise-book.
5. Don’t lie on your desk.
6. Don’t ask me silly questions.
7. Don’t waste time at the lesson.
8. Listen to me attentively.
9. Write down the rule into your exercise-books.
10. Get down to work.

I hope you have completed these related exercises. Indirect speech.

1. Turn the following sentences into indirect speech by making any necessary changes.

Nr: Jack said: “   I am working hard. ” (Jack said: “I work a lot.”) - Jack said (that) he was working hard. (Jack said he works a lot.)

I told her: “ You can join us. ” (I told her: “You can join us.”) - I told her (that) she could join us. ” (I told her that she could join us.)

1. Fred said: “I have invented a new computer program”. (Fred said: “I invented a new computer program.”)
2. Mary said: “I will help my sister.” (Mary said, “I will help my sister.”)
3. They told me: “We were really happy.” (They told me: “We were very happy.”)
4. She said: “I live in a big apartment.” (She said: “I live in a large apartment.”)
5. He told her: “I am going to the fish market.” (He told her: “I'm going to the fish market.”)
6. Betty said: “I found my passport.” (Betty said, “I found my passport.”)
7. Mr. Ford said: “I don’t like pork.” (Mr. Ford said: “I do not like pork.”)
8. Little Tim told his mother: “I am sleepy.” (Little Tim told mom: “I want to sleep.”)

2. Convert the following requests and advice into indirect speech.

Eg: The doctor said: “Please take a deep breath, Ann.” (The doctor said: “Please take a deep breath, Anya.”) - The doctor asked Ann to take a deep breath. (The doctor asked Anya to take a deep breath.)

Sara: “Don’t forget to buy some juice.” (Sarah: “Remember to buy some juice.”) - Sara reminded not to forget to buy some juice. (Sarah reminded her not to forget to buy some juice.)

She said: “You should stop smoking so much, Mark.” (She said: “You should stop smoking so much, Mark.” - She advised Mark to stop smoking so much. (She advised Mark to stop smoking so much.)

1. The policeman said: “Keep the silence, please.” (The policeman said: “Be quiet, please.”) - The policeman asked .......
2. Mother said: “Kids, you should wash your hands before lunch.” (Mom said: “Children, you need to wash your hands before dinner.”) - Mother advised .......
3. The dentist told me: “Don’t eat nuts anymore.” (The dentist told me: “Don't eat nuts anymore.”) - The dentist warned .......
4. Tom: “Could you lend me 20 dollars, please?” (Tom: “Could you lend me $ 20?”) - Tom asked .......
5. Mr. Walters told his sons: “You must stay away from the lake.” (Mr. Walters told his sons: “You must stay away from the lake.”) - Mr. Walters warned .......
6. John said: “You should see a lawyer, Ted.” (John said: “You should visit a lawyer.”) - John advised .......
7. The teacher told the students: “Don’t talk during the test.” (The teacher told the students: “Do not talk during the test.”) - The teacher warned .......
8. The judge said: “Mr. Brown, you must pay a big fine. ” (The judge said: “Mr. Brown, you have to pay a heavy fine.”) - The judge ordered .......

3. Change the questions to indirect speech.

Nr: “Where does your niece live?” (He wanted to know where the niece lived. (He wanted to know where the niece lives.)

“Can you type? ” (“Can you type?”) - The manager asked if I could type. (The manager asked if I could print.)

1. “Where has Jim gone?” (“Where did Jim go?”) - Maria wanted to know .......
2. “What did the workers eat?” (“What did the workers eat?”) - They asked .......
3. “Have you ever been to China, Sam?” (“Have you ever been to China, Sam?”) - I asked .......
4. “Are you French or Italian?” (“Are you French or Italian?”) - She wanted to know .......
5. “When will the next train arrive?” (“When will the next train arrive?”) - I asked .......
6. “Do you grow flowers in your garden, Mrs. Smith? ” ("Do you grow flowers in your garden, Mrs. Smith?") - She wondered .......

4. Now, on the contrary, change indirect speech to direct.

Nr: Peter asked me if I was free. (Peter asked me if I was free.) - Peter asked: “Are you free?”

She wanted to know where I had bought the dictionary. (She wanted to know where I bought the dictionary.) - She asked: “Where did you buy the dictionary?”

1. I asked him why he was tired. (I asked him why he was tired.)
2. We wanted to know if Kate had broken the car. (We wanted to find out if Kate broke the car.)
3. He asked if they could meet on Tuesday. (He asked if they could meet on Tuesday.)
4. I wondered how often she used the washing-machine. (I asked how often she uses the washing machine.)
5. Mother wanted to know if we would invite Kevin to the party. (Mom wanted to know if we would invite Kevin to the party.)

Answers:

1.

1. Fred said (that) he had invented a new computer program.
2. Mary said (that) she would help her sister.
3. They told me (that) they had been really happy.
4. She said (that) she lived in a big apartment.
5. He told her (that) he was going to the fish market.
6. Betty said (that) she had found her passport.
7. Mr. Ford said (that) he didn’t like pork.
8. Little Tim told his mother (that) he was sleepy.

1. The policeman asked to keep the silence.
2. Mother advised the kids to wash their hands before lunch.
3. The dentist warned me not to eat nuts anymore.
4. Tom asked to lend him 20 dollars.
5. Mr. Walters warned his sons to stay away from the lake.
6. John advised Ted to see a lawyer.
7. The teacher warned the students not to talk during the test.
8. The judge ordered Mr. Brown to pay a big fine.

Reviewers:

cand. filol. Sci., Associate Professor OMA of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia V.G. Bolotyuk, Art. teacher cafe English language O.V. Gogol

K710 Indirect speech in English: Sat. training

intramural exercises in practical grammar: for first-year students of the faculty of foreign languages \u200b\u200b/ comp .: D.Yu. Maletina, O.A. Nikitina, R.R. Fazmutdinova.

- Omsk: Publishing House of Omsk State University, 2005 .-- 60 p.

ISBN 5-7779-0589-7

The collection of grammar training tasks is based on authentic sources, including material from English and American textbooks, prepared taking into account the requirements of the curriculum for the course "Practical Grammar of the English Language".

The purpose of the publication is to help English learners familiarize themselves with the grammatical phenomenon of “Indirect Speech” and practice it.

The collection is intended for first-year students of the faculty of foreign languages \u200b\u200band can be used in groups with different levels of preparedness.

FOREWORD

The proposed educational publication is a collection of grammar training exercises.

The collection of exercises is compiled in accordance with the curriculum for the course “Practical Grammar of the English Language” and is primarily intended for first-year students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages, but it can also be recommended to students of other faculties studying English as a major specialty.

The collection consists of two sections:

1. Theoretical part (basic rules on the topic of “Indirect speech”).

2. The practical part (exercises aimed at practicing, fixing and using grammatical structures in a speech on a given topic).

Most of the theoretical section is presented in tables, which contributes to better assimilation and memorization of the material.

Tasks from the second part of the collection include verification and training exercises, built on the principle of increasing complexity:

- wildcard exercises,

- transformational exercises,

- error correction exercises,

- exercises for the competent completion of proposals,

- exercises for the correct connection of the beginning and end of sentences,

- exercises for translation from Russian into English, as well as from English into Russian,

- retelling of dialogues from original texts in indirect

A variety of exercises allows you to use the manual

in groups of different levels of preparedness, as well as carry out various forms of work with students.

When working with exercises on the subject of “Indirect Speech”, some other grammatical phenomena that are closely related to the use of direct speech are also possible.

This collection of training exercises can be used as an additional tool in combination with other, basic textbooks on English grammar.

PART I. RULES OF REPORTING

1. REPORTING STATEMENTS

When the statement in direct speech is converted into reported speech the following rules must be observed:

♦ If the verb to say introducing the indirect statement is followed by an object, use the preposition to (to say to smb.), Though the expression to tell smb. is more preferable in this case.

To say is usually used without an object to introduce the subordinate clause while to tell is followed by a direct object. Compare:

¾ She told me that she would be late.

¾ She said that she would be late.

The verb to tell can be a part of set expressions where a direct object can be omitted: to tell (somebody) a lie; to tell (somebody) a story; to tell fortunes (\u003d to say what will happen to somebody in the future).

♦ No inverted commas are used in the reported statements.

♦ All personal and possessive pronouns are changed according to the person referring to the speaker.

♦ So and such are replaced by very, exceedingly etc. In exclamatory sentences:

♦ The rules of the sequence of tenses are observed in the reported statements:

♦ If the time or the place of the events described in the direct statement has changed, replace the demonstrative pronouns and the adverbs of time and place in the following way:

Note: In the sentences like: I said, “I" ll be here tomorrow. ” (I ska

hall: “I will be here tomorrow.”) the adverbs here and tomorrow may stay unchanged if the statement is reported on the same day and at the same place:I said I would be here tomorrow. Notice that it is also correct to change the adverbs according to the rule mentioned above:I said I "d be there the following day.

♦ If the statement consists of a few clauses referring to the past, only the verb of the first clause is used in Past Perfect.

2. QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH

Word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. ♦ A reported general question is introduced by the conjunc-

tion if or whether (before which there is no comma!):

♦ A reported special question is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct question:

♦ If a direct question to the subject contains the link verb to be, the direct order of words is not always strictly observed:

In set expressions like “What" s the time? ”,“ What ”s the matter?”, “What" s the news! ” inverted word order doesn "t change in reported speech.

♦ Reported questions are generally introduced by the following verbs and word combinations: to question; to inquire (more official than to “ask"); to want to know; I wonder; I "d like to know; Can you tell me and etc.

Short answers in reported speech

Short answers are converted into reported speech by repeating of the auxiliary or modal verb that a direct short answer contains. An auxiliary verb changes according to the rules of the sequence of tenses.

Reporting elliptical sentences

If some parts of the sentence are missing, they should be restored according to the situation in the reported speech.

3. REPORTED ORDERS AND REQUESTS

An order or a request in reported speech is expressed by an infinitive; in a negative sentence the particle to precedes the infinitive.

Orders and requests are introduced into reported speech with the help of one of the following verbs: to tell, to order, to command, to ask, to request, to beg and others. The choice of the verb is determined by the character of the order (request).

♦ The verb most commonly used to introduce reported orders is the verb to tell: the verb to order is frequently used, occasionally also the verb to command. The verb to tell corresponds to the Russian to say, and to order; to order and to command correspond to

to order.

♦ The verb to request is used in official style, chiefly in the Passive Voice. It is best rendered in Russian by suggest. The verb to request introduces rather a veiled order than a request.

♦ Unemotional requests are usually introduced by the verb to

♦ The verb to beg introduces a request somewhat more emo-

♦ Emotional (emphatic) requests are introduced by the verbs to implore, to entreat, to beseech (implore).

♦ The verb to urge introduces a request made with great insis-

4. CONVERSATIONAL PATTERNS

IN REPORTED SPEECH

Greetings and Saying Good-by

To report greetings and saying good-by the following phrases are used:

The following phrases used in greetings and saying good-by (It " s good to see you; See you soon; Very good of you to comeand etc.) may not be reported at all.

To report someone "s words used to introduce a person to another one the verb“ to introduce ”is used:

To report someone "s words used in response to someone" s invitation the following phrases are used: he readily accepted the invitation; said he"d come most willingly; said she would be happy to ...; declined the invitationand etc .:

Mr. Jackson: Come and have lunch with us on Sunday.

Mr. Black: I "d love to. Thank you very much.

Mrs. Parker: Can you come to dinner tomorrow? Mr. Eden: I "m sorry I can" t. I "m leaving tonight.

Mr. Jackson invited Mr. Black to lunch on Sunday and Mr. Black readily accepted the invitation.

Mrs. Parker invited Mr. Eden to dinner but he declined the invita- tion, as he was leaving that night.

To report expressions of gratitude the following phrases are

¾ Not thanked them for ... - He thanked them for ...

¾ Not said he was much obliged to him for ... - He said he was very obliged to him for ...

¾ Not expressed his gratitude to him for ... - He expressed his gratitude to him for ...

¾ Not said he was grateful to him for ... - He said he was very grateful to him for ..

Words used in response to expressions of gratitude may not be reported at all:

Apologies and excuses

To report apologies and responses to them the following phrases are used: Not begged his pardon; He apologized to them for; She asked him to excuse her; He said it was all right:

Offers and advice are rendered in reported speech with the help of the following verbs: to suggest, to offer, to advise.

The verbs “to suggest” and “to offer” are a little different in meaning, which is reflected in the corresponding sentence structures. “That offer” is used when the speaker is willing to fulfill an action by himself: Not offered to see Mary home.Besides, “to offer” is used when they tell about something material: a cup of tea, a cigarette etc. “To suggest” is used when they tell about some idea, advice.

The verb “to offer” is always followed by the infinitive, while the verb “to suggest” is used only in the following patterns:

was against it objected to doing it said she didn "t mind said she would not

In response to offers in the reported speech the following

To decline an offer sounds more polite than to turn down and to reject an offer; said he had better not ... and said he needn "t ... are typical to the spoken language, which is less formal.

Expressions of Surprise, Joy, Rapture

and Other Emotions in Reported Speech

said with surprise (amazement) ...

said in surprise ...

He expressed his surprise (amazement) at the news.

was surprised (amazed) to hear ...

was surprised (amazed) at hearing ...

¾ Was not delighted at their coming.

their having done it.

¾ He was delighted

¾ He expressed his joy (delight) at

to hear the news.

to hear that they ...

the news. their coming.

their having done it.

¾ He said joyfully (with joy) that ...

expressed his admiration of ...

Regret, Consolation, Sympathy

being unable to do it. ¾ He regretted having said it.

that he had said it.

¾ He sympathized with ...

expressed his sympathy with ...

Irritation, Indignation, Offence

was annoyed (irritated) with him, at his words. expressed his annoyance (irritation) with her because of her conduct.

was angry (indignant) with him, at the news. ¾ He said (cried) in anger (in indignation) that ...

resented their criticism (interference). said resentfully that ...

said in a resentful tone that ...

Mr. Sievers: I "ve been waiting for Peter for an hour. How very annoying! I wonder if he will come at all.

The professor: How dare you talk like this to me!

1. Mr. Sievers expressed his annoyance (anger) with Peter for being late.

2. Mr. Sievers was annoyed (angry) with Peter for being late.

3. Mr. Sievers cried in anger (in an angry voice) that Peter had kept him waiting.

1. The professor was angry at the way the students spoke to him and said so.

2. The professor got angry with the students for the way they spoke to him.

3. The professor resented the way the students spoke to him.

¾ Not expressed his grief at the news.

¾ Not been filled with despair at ...

¾ He cried in despair that ...

5. MODAL VERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH

When the sentences with modal verbs are converted into reported speech, modal verbs undergo the following changes:

Must, as a rule, remains unchanged in reported speech if it expresses advice (order) or a supposition bordering on assurance (should be).

Must is generally replaced by had to if it expresses necessity arising out of circumstances.

When sentences containing the Subjunctive Mood are converted into reported speech, the form of the verb usually remains unchanged.

♦ However, there is a case when the rule of the sequence of tenses is observed: if we have the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may, may is changed into might if the verb in the principal clause stands in a past tense.

{!LANG-694c48c8314f39f93e8b0aeed6c9c2e6!}

{!LANG-145037cafe4aff37201c877850550c8f!} {!LANG-cb3bbe27cbab3425b9299c5c7f2e1c71!})

{!LANG-507d10cc5e555723c0a802e3be79cff3!}

{!LANG-3cac9d6e6a60054251eef0429156b4fb!}

{!LANG-73b53ee1e0967159708b86cf9779b86e!}

{!LANG-d5729c64f3036a53eb1d14589feb1f42!}

{!LANG-fc29125c21ba0f5d8a80841afdaa9657!}

{!LANG-f6a5a2b137a333ef1b33b631e714173e!}

{!LANG-9432a740e0af94f9813fc60a6cb7c905!}

{!LANG-15a914978ff15a26f6d0f2e318b6f26b!}

{!LANG-0a457d988866e2b1bf4fd756bb3ed46e!}