There is a water cycle in the biosphere. Features of the circulation of water and some substances in the biosphere

The connection of ecology with other sciences (with your specialty). Draw a relationship diagram

Ecology is usually regarded as a sub-branch of biology, the general science of living organisms. Living organisms can be studied at various levels, from individual atoms and molecules to populations, biocenoses and the biosphere as a whole. Ecology also studies the environment in which they live and its problems. Ecology is connected with many other sciences precisely because it studies the organization of living organisms at a very high level, explores the connections between organisms and their environment. Ecology is closely connected with such sciences as biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, and physics.
Modern ecology studies the relationship between man and the biosphere, the technosphere with its natural environment and other problems. And the process of penetration of environmental problems and ideas into other areas of knowledge is called greening.

The circulation of chemicals from an inorganic medium through vegetation and animals back to an inorganic medium using solar energy chemical reactions called biogeochemical cycle . The water cycleWater is the essential element for life. Quantitatively, this is the most common inorganic component of living matter.

In the oceans, concentrated 97% of the total mass of water in the biosphere. It is believed that total evaporation is balanced by precipitation. More water evaporates from the ocean than enters it with precipitation, on land - vice versa. “Extra” precipitation falling on land, fall into ice caps and glaciers, replenish groundwater (from there the plants draw water for transpiration), finally, find themselves in lakes and rivers, gradually returning with runoff to the ocean. Basically, the water cycle occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean.

The presence in the atmosphere of a significant reserve fund favors the fact that the cycles of some gaseous substances are capable of fairly rapid self-regulation with various local imbalances. So, the excess of carbon dioxide accumulated somewhere as a result of enhanced oxidation or combustion is quickly dissipated by the wind; in addition, the intensive formation of carbon dioxide is offset by its large consumption by plants or conversion to carbonates. Ultimately, as a result of self-regulation by the type of negative feedback, the cycles of gaseous substances on a global scale are relatively perfect. The main such cycles are the cycles of carbon (in the composition of carbon dioxide), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and other nutrients.

Review figures 230-234. What chemical compounds do organisms use in their circulation? What is the significance of the processes of photosynthesis, evaporation of water, respiration, nitrogen fixation to ensure the circulation of substances and energy flow in the biosphere?

All components of the biosphere and the processes occurring in it are closely interconnected. The stability of the biosphere is supported by the constantly occurring cycles of matter and the conversion of energy. The cycles are diverse in the scale and quality of the phenomena, for example, the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle. They are carried out with the participation of all components of the biosphere and are part of a single biogeochemical cycle.

Biogeochemical circulation - metabolism and energy conversion between various components of the biosphere associated with the activities of its organisms.

The main driving force of the biogeochemical cycle is the energy flow continuously occurring in the biosphere, associated with the activity of living matter.

Organisms need energy to maintain their vital functions. Energy in the biosphere exists in several forms. Known mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical and other forms of energy. The transition of one form of energy to another, called energy conversion, is subject to the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

The main source of energy in the biosphere is the energy of the Sun (Fig. 228). It heats the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, causes the movement of air masses, ocean currents, evaporation of water, melting snow. Autotrophic organisms, mainly green plants, as a result of photosynthesis reactions convert solar energy into the energy of chemical bonds of created organic substances. A significant part of it is spent by the plants themselves on vital processes. A smaller part of the chemical energy of plants is transmitted further along the food chains to heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophic organisms, mainly animals, transform chemical energy into its other forms, for example, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and light. Some of the solar energy accumulated by green plants can accumulate in the biosphere in the form of stocks of wood, peat, coal and oil shale.

Fig. 228. The flow of energy in the biosphere

Therefore, the energy cycle in the biosphere does not occur. This process is not closed. In the biosphere there is only a stream of energy associated with the transformation of one of its forms into another.

The water cycle. Water plays a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycle, since living bodies on average consist of 80% of it, and the World Ocean occupies more than 2/3 of the globe's surface (Fig. 229).

Fig. 229. Water distribution on the Earth

Throughout the entire planet, the water cycle is carried out between the seas, oceans and continents (Fig. 230). Water evaporated by the Sun from the surface of the seas and oceans is carried by the winds to the continents, where it falls in the form of precipitation. A significant part of the water is bound, for example, in the form of snow and ice, that is, it is temporarily inaccessible to organisms. With river and ground runoff, water then gradually returns to the oceans.

Fig. 230. The water cycle in the biosphere

A significant part of the water available on land is absorbed from the soil by plants and then evaporated in leaves in the form of water vapor to prevent overheating. Part of the water the plants spend on the photosynthesis process. Animals receive water with drinking and with food. Water is removed from animal organisms as part of exhaled air, sweat and other secretions.

Terrestrial plants, mainly from moist equatorial forests, evaporating water, reduce its surface runoff and retain moisture in the atmosphere. This prevents soil erosion by sediments and the destruction of its upper fertile layer. The reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bequatorial forests as a result of their intensive deforestation by humans leads to droughts in the adjacent regions of the globe.

Fig. 231. The carbon cycle in the biosphere

Carbon cycle. Carbon in the biosphere is mainly represented by carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). Its main primary source is volcanic activity. The binding of carbon dioxide occurs in two ways (Fig. 231). The first consists in its absorption by plants during photosynthesis with the formation of organic substances and their subsequent deposition in the form of peat, coal, oil shale (Fig. 232). The second way is that carbon dioxide dissolves in water bodies, turning into carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions. Then, using calcium or magnesium, carbonates are deposited on the bottom of the reservoirs in the form of limestone. Carbon dioxide reserves in the atmosphere are constantly replenished thanks to the respiration of organisms, the processes of decomposition of organic residues, as well as from fuel combustion and industrial emissions.

Fig. 232. Peat deposits - one of the secondary sources of carbon in the biosphere

The nitrogen cycle. The main source of nitrogen in the biosphere is gaseous atmospheric nitrogen. In small quantities, atmospheric nitrogen binds with atmospheric oxygen to nitrates during lightning discharges (Fig. 233).

Fig. 233. Gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere during a thunderstorm binds with atmospheric oxygen to nitrates

The main binding of atmospheric nitrogen is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the soil (Fig. 234). They synthesize nitrites and nitrates, which are available for use by plants. In plants, nitrogen is converted into organic compounds, for example, proteins, nucleic acids and ATP. When decomposing corpses of dead organisms or when urine is excreted in animals, nitrogen enters the soil in the form of ammonia compounds. They are then oxidized to nitrites and nitrates and are reused by plants. Soil nitrates are partially reduced by denitrifying bacteria to nitrogen gas. Thus, the replenishment of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is carried out. The stock of nitrates in the soil is also replenished due to the introduction of inorganic nitrogen and organic fertilizers into it by humans.

Fig. 234. The nitrogen cycle in the biosphere

So, the cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen and the conversion of energy that continuously occur in the biosphere form a single biogeochemical cycle. Substances and elements in it are used by organisms repeatedly. Energy, unlike them, is used by organisms only once. The biogeochemical cycle does not have a complete cycle. Some substances are excluded from it and can accumulate in nature.

Material Exercises

What is a biogeochemical cycle? What processes does it provide?
Describe how the water cycle occurs in the biosphere. What is the role of plants and animals in it?
How is the carbon cycle in the biosphere? In what form can carbon accumulate in nature?
Describe how the nitrogen cycle occurs in the biosphere. What is the role of nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria in it?
Explain why it’s correct to talk about the cycle of matter and elements in the biosphere, but it’s wrong to talk about the cycle of energy in the biosphere?

Oxygen cycle

The oxygen cycle. Oxygen (O2) plays an important role in the life of most living organisms on our planet. In quantitative terms, this is the main component of living matter. 349

For example, if we take into account the water contained in the tissues, then the human body contains 62.8% of oxygen and 19.4% of carbon. In general, in the biosphere, this element, compared with carbon and hydrogen, is the main among simple substances. Within the biosphere, there is a rapid exchange of oxygen with living organisms or their residues after death. Plants, as a rule, produce free oxygen, and animals are its consumers by respiration. Being the most widespread and mobile element on the Earth, oxygen does not limit the existence and functions of the ecosphere, although the availability of oxygen for aquatic organisms may be temporarily limited. The oxygen cycle in the biosphere is unusually complex, since a large amount of organic and inorganic substances reacts with it. As a result, many epicycles arise, occurring between the lithosphere and the atmosphere, or between the hydrosphere and these two media. The oxygen cycle in some respects resembles the reverse carbon cycle. The movement of one occurs in the opposite direction to the movement of the other

The consumption of atmospheric oxygen and its compensation by primary producers occurs relatively quickly. So, for a complete renewal of all atmospheric oxygen, 2000 years are required. Nowadays, photosynthesis and respiration in natural conditions, without taking into account human activity, balance each other with great accuracy. In this regard, oxygen does not accumulate in the atmosphere, and its content (20.946%) remains constant.

The primary source of water, the main reservoir of our planet is the oceans. It can be compared to a giant steam boiler, which is heated by the sun. This is the primary source of the global water cycle in nature. Every hour, on average, about 1,000 tons of steam enters the Earth’s atmosphere from the square kilometer of the water surface of this boiler, and in the tropics, 2-3 times more evaporates under the scorching rays of the midday sun. Here, over the vast expanses of the ocean, a huge amount of water vapor gathers in the air, powerful clouds form. Here formidable tropical hurricanes arise and powerful air currents begin. They, like a conveyor belt, carry moisture around the globe.

Big cycle

The large cycle is most clearly manifested in the circulation of air masses and water. The large (geological) cycle is based on the process of transferring substances, mainly mineral compounds, from one place to another on a planetary scale.

About 30% of the solar energy incident on the Earth is spent on moving air, evaporating water, weathering rocks, dissolving minerals, etc. The movement of water and wind, in turn, leads to erosion of soils and rocks, transport, redistribution, deposition and accumulation of mechanical and chemical precipitation on land and in the ocean. For a long time, marine sediments formed can return to the land surface, and processes resume. These cycles include volcanic activity, earthquakes, and the movement of oceanic plates in the earth's crust.

The water cycle, including its transition from liquid to gaseous and solid states and vice versa, is one of the main components of the abiotic circulation of substances. During the hydrological cycle, a significant redistribution and significant purification of planetary water reserves occur. It should be noted that the highest rate of renewal is possessed by the most important for the existence of a living land environment - fresh water. The period of their turnover is on average about 11 days.

Small cycle.

On the basis of a large geological cycle, a cycle of organic substances, or a small, biological (biotic) cycle occurs.

The basis of the small cycle of substances is the synthesis and destruction of organic compounds. These two processes provide life and constitute one of its main features.

Unlike geological, the biological cycle is characterized by an insignificant amount of energy. On the creation of organic matter, as already mentioned, it takes only about 1% of the radiant energy incident on the Earth. However, this energy, involved in the biological cycle, does a great job of creating living matter. For life to continue to exist, chemical elements must constantly circulate from the external environment to living organisms and vice versa, passing from the protoplasm of some organisms into an assimilable form for others.

All abiotic and biotic planetary circulations of substances are closely intertwined and form a global systemically existing cycle, with the redistribution of the energy of the Sun, with the absence of contradictions between its individual branches and with practically zero material balance.

"Biological resources" - Musical instruments. Wild duck. Paper cardboard parquet. Grouse. Lesson Objective: Rayon. Laptev walrus. From one hectare of forest you can collect: Beaver. Fox. Dandelion. Berries and medicinal plants. The main types of hunting animals. Pastures for sheep and camels. Sea and river animals.

“Biological Resources of Russia” - 1. Optimal use and conservation of raw materials both in Russia's own exclusive economic zone and inland waters, and in zones of foreign states, in open and conventional areas. 2. Bringing catch in the territorial sea and in the EEZ of Russia to 4.5 million tons, in zones of other states - up to 1.7 million tons, and in open and conventional areas - up to 1-1.5 million tons; 3. The introduction of non-waste technologies for processing catches at sea and the prohibition of releases to the sea, both by-catch and processing waste;

“Man and the Noosphere” - EVOLUTION - the history of the development of the organic world. What is the noosphere. Some theses concerning the doctrine of the biosphere. 4. In the noosphere, the idea of \u200b\u200ba REASONABLE, CAREFUL attitude to nature should prevail. 1. Mankind is inextricably linked with the biosphere. 6. Noosphere - the highest stage of development of the biosphere. 2. With the development of the brain, man becomes a powerful factor in evolution on Earth.

“Biosphere and Man” - The emergence of the primary bio-sphere with a biotic circular mouth of substances. The emergence of human society. Human interaction with the outside world. 11. The table of contents. Directions for solving environmental problems. There are biological laws of life and development. Ecological problems of the biosphere and humanity.

"Living matter of the biosphere" - Susha. The boundaries of the biosphere. Homework. Relate living matter on land and in the oceans. Inert substance. He graduated from one of the best in Russia educational institutions - St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium. Hydrosphere -? Living matter. The biosphere, according to Vernadsky, is the earth's shell, the region of existence of living matter.

"Fundamentals of Nature Management" - Training course on the Internet. Section 7. Environmental Management. Educational and methodological support of the course. Section 1. Methodological and organizational-legal management systems. Teaching materials. Section 8. Ecological and economic regulation of environmental management at the international level. Course Objective:

There are 15 presentations in total

The circulation of substances in the biosphere is a “journey” of certain chemical elements along the food chain of living organisms, thanks to the energy of the sun. In the process of "travel" some element, for various reasons, fall out and remain as rules in the ground. Their place is occupied by those who usually come from the atmosphere. This is the most simplified description of what is a guarantee of life on planet Earth. If for some reason such a journey is interrupted, then the existence of all living things will cease.

To describe briefly the cycle of substances in the biosphere, it is necessary to put a few starting points. First, of the more than ninety chemical elements known and found in nature, for living organisms, about forty are needed. Secondly, the amount of these substances is limited. Thirdly, we are talking only about the biosphere, that is, about life containing the shell of the earth, and, therefore, about the interactions between living organisms. Fourth, the energy that contributes to the cycle is the energy coming from the sun. The energy generated in the bowels of the Earth as a result of various reactions does not take part in the process under consideration. And the last one. It is necessary to get ahead of the starting point of this "journey". It is conditional, because there can be no end and beginning at the circle, but this is necessary in order to start describing the process with something. Let's start with the lowest link of the trophic chain - with reducers or grave diggers.

Crustaceans, worms, larvae, microorganisms, bacteria and other graves, consuming oxygen and using energy, process inorganic chemical elements into an organic substance suitable for living organisms and its further movement along the food chain. Further, these already organic substances are eaten by consumers or consumers, which include not only animals, birds, fish and the like, but also plants. The latter are producers or manufacturers. Using these nutrients and energy, they produce oxygen, which is the main element suitable for breathing of all life on the planet. Consumers, producers, and even reducers die. Their remains, together with the organic substances in them, “fall” at the disposal of the grave diggers.

And everything repeats again. For example, all the oxygen that exists in the biosphere makes its turn for 2000 years, and carbon dioxide for 300. This cycle is commonly called the biogeochemical cycle.

Some organic substances in the process of their "journey" enter into reactions and interactions with other substances. As a result, mixtures are formed which, in the form in which they are, cannot be processed by reducers. Such mixtures remain "stored" in the ground. Not all organic substances that fall on the “table” of grave diggers cannot be processed by them. Not everyone can overdo it with bacteria. Such unreacted residues are deposited. Everything that remains in storage or in reserve is dropped out of the process and is not included in the cycle of substances in the biosphere.

Thus, in the biosphere, the cycle of substances, the driving force of which is the activity of living organisms, can be divided into two components. One, the reserve fund, is a part of a substance that is not connected with the activity of living organisms and is not involved in the turnover until time. And the second is a revolving fund. It represents only a small part of the substance that is actively used by living organisms.

Atoms of what basic chemical elements are so necessary for life on Earth? These are: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and some others. Of the compounds, the main one in the circuit can be called water.

Oxygen

The oxygen cycle in the biosphere should begin with the process of photosynthesis, as a result of which it appeared billions of years ago. It is secreted by plants from water molecules under the influence of solar energy. Oxygen is also formed in the upper atmosphere during chemical reactions in water vapor, where chemical compounds decompose under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. But this is an insignificant source of oxygen. The main is photosynthesis. Oxygen is also found in water. Although it is there, 21 times less than in the atmosphere.

The resulting oxygen is used by living organisms for respiration. It is also an oxidizing agent for various mineral salts.

And man is a consumer of oxygen. But with the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution, this consumption has increased many times, since oxygen is burned or bound during the work of numerous industrial enterprises, transport, to satisfy household and other needs during the life of people. The so-called atmospheric oxygen exchange fund that existed before in the amount of 5% of its total volume, that is, as much oxygen was produced during photosynthesis as it was consumed. Now this volume is becoming catastrophically small. Oxygen consumption occurs, so to speak, from an untouchable reserve. From there, where there is no one to add it to.

Slightly mitigates this problem, that some of the organic waste is not processed and does not fall under the influence of putrefactive bacteria, but remains in sedimentary rocks, forming peat, coal and the like.

If the result of photosynthesis is oxygen, then its raw material is carbon.

Nitrogen

The nitrogen cycle in the biosphere is associated with the formation of such important organic compounds as: proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, ATP, chlorophyll and others. Nitrogen, in molecular form, is contained in the atmosphere. Together with living organisms - this is only about 2% of all that has nitrogen on Earth. In this form, it can only be used by bacteria and blue-green algae. For the rest of the plant world in molecular form, nitrogen cannot serve as food, but can only be processed in the form of inorganic compounds. Some types of such compounds form during thunderstorms and with rainfall fall into water and soil.

The most active "processors" of nitrogen or nitrogen fixers are nodule bacteria. They settle in legume root cells and convert molecular nitrogen into compounds suitable for plants. After their death, the soil is enriched with nitrogen.

Putrefactive bacteria break down nitrogen-containing organic compounds to ammonia. Part of it goes into the atmosphere, and the other by other types of bacteria is oxidized to nitrites and nitrates. Those, in turn, are supplied as food for plants and nitrifying bacteria are reduced to oxides and molecular nitrogen. Which again enter the atmosphere.

Thus, it can be seen that various types of bacteria play the main role in the nitrogen cycle. And if you destroy at least 20 of these species, then life on the planet will cease.

And again, the established circuit was torn apart by man. For the purpose of increasing crop yields, he began to actively use nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

Carbon

The carbon cycle in the biosphere is inextricably linked with the cycle of oxygen and nitrogen.

In the biosphere, the carbon cycle scheme is based on the activity of green plants and their ability to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, that is, photosynthesis.

Carbon interacts with other elements in various ways and is part of almost all classes of organic compounds. For example, it is part of carbon dioxide, methane. It is dissolved in water, where its content is much greater than in the atmosphere.

Although carbon is not among the top ten in prevalence, in living organisms it makes up from 18 to 45% of dry weight.

The oceans serve as a regulator of carbon dioxide. As soon as its share in the air rises, the water levels out, absorbing carbon dioxide. Another carbon consumer in the ocean is marine organisms that use it to build shells.

The carbon cycle in the biosphere is based on the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, which is a kind of exchange fund. It is replenished due to the respiration of living organisms. Bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms involved in the decomposition of organic residues in the soil also participate in the replenishment of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon is “conserved” in mineralized unrefined organic residues. In stone and brown coal, peat, oil shale and the like deposits. But the main carbon stock is limestones and dolomites. The carbon contained in them is “securely hidden” deep in the planet and is released only during tectonic shifts and volcanic gas emissions during eruptions.

Due to the fact that the process of respiration with the release of carbon and the process of photosynthesis with its absorption passes through living organisms very quickly, only a small fraction of the planet’s carbon is involved in the circuit. If this process were non-reciprocal, then only sushi plants used all carbon for only 4-5 years.

Currently, thanks to human activities, the plant world has no shortage of carbon dioxide. It is replenished immediately and simultaneously from two sources. By burning oxygen during the work of the industry of production and transport, as well as in connection with the use of those “canned goods” - coal, peat, shale, and so on for these types of human activities. Therefore, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere increased by 25%.

Phosphorus

The phosphorus cycle in the biosphere is inextricably linked with the synthesis of such organic substances as: ATP, DNA, RNA and others.

In soil and water, the phosphorus content is very low. Its main reserves are in the rocks formed in the distant past. With the weathering of these rocks, the phosphorus cycle begins.

Phosphorus is absorbed by plants only in the form of phosphoric acid ions. This is mainly a product of processing organic residues by gravediggers. But if the soil has an increased alkaline or acid factor, then phosphates practically do not dissolve in them.

Phosphorus is an excellent nutrient for various types of bacteria. Especially blue-green algae, which, with an increased phosphorus content, is booming.

Nevertheless, most of the phosphorus is carried away with river and other waters into the ocean. There he is actively eaten by phytoplankton, and with it seabirds and other animal species. Subsequently, phosphorus enters the ocean floor and forms sedimentary rocks. That is, it returns to the ground, only under a layer of sea water.

As can be seen, the phosphorus cycle is specific. It is difficult to call it a circuit, since it is not closed.

Sulfur

In the biosphere, the sulfur cycle is necessary for the formation of amino acids. It creates a three-dimensional structure of proteins. It involves bacteria and organisms that consume oxygen to synthesize energy. They oxidize sulfur to sulfates, and unicellular prenuclear living organisms, reduce sulfates to hydrogen sulfide. In addition to them, whole groups of sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and then to sulfates. Plants can consume only sulfur ion - SO 2-4 from the soil. Thus, some microorganisms are oxidizing agents, while others are reducing agents.

The accumulation of sulfur and its derivatives in the biosphere is the ocean and the atmosphere. Sulfur enters the atmosphere with the release of hydrogen sulfide from water. In addition, sulfur enters the atmosphere in the form of dioxide during combustion in the production and domestic needs of combustible fossil fuels. First of all, coal. There, it oxidizes and, turning into sulfuric acid in rainwater, falls to the ground with it. Acid rains themselves cause significant damage to the whole flora and fauna, and besides this, with storm and melt water, they get into rivers. Rivers carry sulfur sulfate ions into the ocean.

Sulfur is also contained in rocks in the form of sulfides, in a gaseous form - hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. At the bottom of the seas there are deposits of native sulfur. But this is all a “reserve."

Water

There is no more common substance in the biosphere. Its reserves are mainly in the salty-bitter form of the waters of the seas and oceans - this is about 97%. The rest is fresh water, glaciers and groundwater and groundwater.

The water cycle in the biosphere conventionally begins with its evaporation from the surface of water bodies and plant leaves and is approximately 500,000 cubic meters. km It returns back in the form of precipitation, which falls either directly back into the water bodies, or, passing through the soil and groundwater.

The role of water in the biosphere and the history of its evolution is such that all life since its inception was completely dependent on water. In the biosphere, water repeatedly passed through living organisms through decomposition and birth cycles.

The water circuit has to a greater extent a physical process. However, the animal and, especially, plant world takes an important part in this. Evaporation of water from the surface areas of tree leaves is such that, for example, a hectare of forest evaporates up to 50 tons of water per day.

If evaporation of water from the surfaces of water bodies is natural for its circulation, then for continents with their forest zones, such a process is the only and main way to preserve it. Here the circuit goes as if in closed loop. Precipitation is formed from fumes from soil and plant surfaces.

In the process of photosynthesis, plants use hydrogen contained in a water molecule to create a new organic compound and release oxygen. And, on the contrary, in the process of breathing, living organisms, the process of oxidation occurs and water is formed again.

Describing the circuit various kinds chemicals, we are faced with a more active human influence on these processes. Currently, nature, due to the multi-billion-dollar history of its survival, is coping with the regulation and restoration of disturbed balances. But the first symptoms of the “disease” already exist. And this is the "greenhouse effect." When two energies: solar and reflected by the Earth, do not protect living organisms, but, on the contrary, strengthen one another. As a result, the ambient temperature rises. What consequences of such an increase can be, in addition to accelerated melting of glaciers, evaporation of water from the surfaces of the ocean, land and plants?