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Many go to Kolomna to see the local Kremlin. The mighty Kolomna Kremlin, built by historians in the early 15th century, is well preserved to this day and gives tourists who find themselves here an unforgettable time travel. You can safely devote half a day to inspecting the Kolomna Kremlin, because, in addition to the defensive walls and towers of the fortress, there are many unique architectural monuments.

So, on the territory of the Kremlin there is the Assumption Cathedral, the Novolutvinsky Convent, the Resurrection Church, the Tikhvin Church, the Assumption Brusensky Convent, as well as the Holy Cross Church.

In order for the tour of the Kolomna Kremlin objects to succeed, it is better to get a guide. His services, by the way, will cost inexpensively, and not a single interesting fact regarding the history of the great fortress will slip away from you. For example, a walking tour of the Kolomenskoye Kremlin for a tour group of 11 people will cost 2500 RUB for all. An individual excursion (from one to six people) lasting an hour and a half will cost 1,500 RUB (for all tourists).

By the way, not so long ago the Kolomna Kremlin became possible to inspect on ... scooters. Two-wheeled vehicles can be rented to visitors at any time.

Renting a scooter for adults costs 200 RUB for the first hour and plus 100 RUB for each next hour. For children - 150 and 100 RUB, respectively. True, you need to leave a personal identification document or a sum of money - 4500-5000 RUB. You can visit the Kolomna Kremlin any day; it works seven days a week.

Address: Kolomna, st. Lazhechnikova, 31.

Prices on the page are for November 2018.

Kremlin Kolomna - A large and powerful fortress, a monument of fortification and architecture.

The history of the Kolomna Kremlin

The construction of the Kolomna Kremlin took 6 years (1525-1531). The territory of the Kremlin occupied 24 hectares. The length of the walls is about two kilometers.

Wooden Kremlin

Tatar troops led by Khan conducted frequent attacks on Kolomna, which prompted the prince Vasily III (Vasily Ivanovich - the great Prince of Moscow), strengthen the city on the south side on the path of the invaders to an impregnable degree.

The Kolomna Kremlin began to be built on May 25, 1525. To build a stone fortress, residents of the city and its environs were involved.

Initially, the Kremlin was built of wood, which did not save him from attacks by enemies. In 1301, Kolomna was annexed to Moscow and served as a border city, suffering from repeated attacks and fires. The Kremlin was decided to rebuild in stone.

Stone Kremlin

The stone Kremlin was built on the outside of the wooden one and dismantled as construction progresses.

One version says that the construction of the Kremlin was led by two Italian architects - Small Petrok and Aleviz Bolshoisponsored by the Moscow Kremlin. As a result, the Kremlin has Italian features of construction. Which affected the similarity of the two great fortresses and the speed of construction of the Kolomna Kremlin.

The number of towers, the area, thickness and length of the walls at the two fortresses are almost the same with slight differences.

For all the time the Kremlin was built, nobody succeeded in taking it by assault. But by the middle of the XVII century, the city turned from a military defense into the largest industrial center. After that, the functions of the Kremlin are lost and it gradually begins to collapse.

Only in the second half of the 19th century was the restoration of some towers of the Kolomna Kremlin carried out.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe architects was that the fortress be a polyhedron and combined, close to the oval. Despite the archaic structures at that time, the walls were created not only to withstand a force assault, but also a cannon attack. Along the entire perimeter of the walls of the Kremlin towers were located that defended the fortress during an attack by enemy forces and allowed active defense, introducing fire from the front and flanking sides of the enemy.

The fortress was equipped with loopholes intended for firearms.

The location of the Kolomna Kremlin occupied convenient positions for defense from any side of the city. From the north and north-west, the Kremlin was protected by the Moscow River and the Kolomenka River. And on the other hand, the defense was a deep moat, built with the same stones as the Kremlin walls. At the bottom of the walls of the Kolomna fortress, the length reached 4.5 meters, and the upper part was 3 meters. The height of the walls ranged from 18 to 21 meters. The location was the most advantageous for protecting the city from each side.

Towers of the Kolomna Kremlin

The Kremlin had 16 towers, 7 of which have survived to this day and their height is from 24 to 31 meters. Walls in different sections from 18 to 21 meters high and from 3 to 4.5 meters thick. Three towers had a passage gate.

Surviving towers (clockwise):

Friday gates
Burnt (Alekseevskaya) Tower
The Spasskaya Tower
Simeonovskaya tower
Yamskaya (Trinity) tower
Faceted Tower
Kolomenskaya (Marinkina) tower

Unsaved towers:

Ascension (Catherine) tower
Ivanovo gate
Borisoglebskaya tower
Slanting (Solovetsky) gates
Voskresenskaya (Tainitskaya) tower
Sandirevskaya tower
Bobrenevskaya tower
Sviblova tower
Teacher (Small or Pokrovskaya) tower

Visit to the Kolomna Kremlin

The Kremlin is a regular urban area of \u200b\u200bKolomna, its visit is free and around the clock. The Kremlin has many churches, museums, cafes and other tourist sites.

Kolomna

Kolomna is a city in the Moscow region of Russia.

VI century BC e. - near the former village of Gorodishche (now the territory of the city), on the left bank of the Kolomenka River, there was a settlement related to finno-Ugric tribes .

I century BC e. - VII century AD - in the territory of the modern city there were Zaprudsky fortification (on the left bank of the Kolomenka River southwest of the pond - “Ozerka”) and Protopopovskoe settlement . Here lived the Finno-Ugric peoples. In addition to the hillforts, there were also unreinforced settlements - villages: at the villages of Bolshoye and Malye Kolychevo and Zaprudskoye (near Oleniy Vrazhek at Ozerka).

XI-XII centuries - the area is inhabited by Slavs (Vyatichi). One of the settlements was found at the confluence of Kolomenka into the Moskva River on Kosaya Gora - now the Slyuchek square.

Near the village of Gorodishche in a place called by the inhabitants of Tabor, there was a fortified town. It was fenced with a picket fence with an area of \u200b\u200bat least 0.5 hectares and surrounded by a moat and rampart. Most likely, it was not a city, but something like an ambush or a defensive outpost (print). Copper and pottery production developed in the city.

The most ancient city finds date from the middle of the XII century, 1140 - 1160 years.

1177 year- The first mention of the city of Kolomna in the Lavrenievsky Chronicle, which is considered a conditional date of its foundation.

The city is mentioned in connection with the fact that the Vladimir prince went to war in Ryazan, but near Kolomna the news came that the Ryazan prince Gleb Rostislavich with the army, having crossed another road, is near Vladimir.

1180, 1186 - 1187 years - Kolomna is connected with feuds of the Ryazan princes, sons of the Ryazan prince Gleb Rostislavich.

1183 - a ship army is sent from Kolomna and other cities of Oka to the Volga Bulgaria.

1186 - the son of Ryazan Prince Gleb Rostislavich Vsevolod Glebovich is referred to as the Kolomna prince, which indicates the existence of the Kolomna inheritance (specific princedom) as part of the Ryazan principality.

1207 - squads of the Vladimir and Ryazan principalities gather in Kolomna for a campaign led by Vsevolod the Big Nest to Chernihiv.

1238 - the battle of the squads of the Vladimir and Ryazan principalities against the Batu Khan takes place near the walls of Kolomna, which ended in the defeat of the Russian troops.

In 1293, the commander of Tudan captured Kolomna. In addition to Kolomna, 14 cities of the center of Russia were burned and destroyed.

1301 - Kolomna from the Ryazan principality passes under the rule of Moscow princes, the first of all Russian cities.

1353 - First mentioned Kolomna diocese.

1439 - Kolomna was burnt by Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

1472 - Ivan III stood in Kolomna to repel the raid of Khan Akhmat.

1586 - Voyevoda Prince M.N. Odoyevsky came out of Kolomna and defeated the advancing Tatar horde.

1598 - Tsar Boris Godunov gathers in Kolomna the army against the Crimean Tatars.

1609 - siege of Kolomna by Tushins (supporters of False Dmitry II) under the command of Molotsky.

1617 - The fighting near Kolomna of the Polish troops of the Ukrainian hetman Sagaidachny.

November 14, 1667 - April 24, 1669, by order of Alexei Mikhailovich, a flotilla of ships is being built in the village of Dedinovo, Kolomensky Uyezd, among which is the first Russian military sailing ship (three-masted frigate) "Eagle".

1672 - Kolomna bishops receive the rank of archbishop.

On May 13-17, 1722, heading for the Caspian expedition, Peter I was in Kolomna, accompanied by Empress Catherine I Alekseevna, Count Apraksin and F.P. Tolstoy, they went from Kolomna to Dedinovo and from there to Astrakhan.

1723 - the foundation of the Kolomensk “bishop’s school”, later the Kolomenskoy Theological Seminary.

1773 - foundation of the cable plant of the Kolomna merchant Rodion Khlebnikov. In Soviet times, the cable factory them. Lenin. Nowadays - Kanat OJSC.

On October 14–15, 1775, Catherine II visited Kolomna, visiting the bishop’s compound, the Assumption Cathedral, the Staro-Golutvin Monastery and a private house owned by I. D. Meshchaninov, a member of the city magistrate.

September 14, 1790 - the famous writer, author of historical novels Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov was born in Kolomna.

September 2, 1863 - foundation by the engineer A.E. Struve of the Machine-Building Plant in the village of Bobrov. 1864 - near Kolomna there was a railway from Moscow to Ryazan.

On June 27, 1904, Emperor Nicholas II visited Kolomna, having visited the 5th Mortar Regiment and the 5th and 6th East Siberian Engineer Battalions before being sent to the Far East.

1906 - the first football team of the city was created at the Kolomna Gymnastic Society. Kolomenskaya football team is one of the oldest in the Moscow region.

1918 - closing of the Kolomna Theological College.

October 1921 - the Bolshevik government renamed all the streets whose names are associated with churches.

1923 - an urban garden was created on the site of Bazarnaya Square.

Kolomna Kremlin

Wooden Kremlin

Very little information has reached the wooden Kolomna Kremlin to date. Nevertheless, it is known that its size was practically not inferior to the stone Kremlin, since the stone Kremlin was built along the perimeter of the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray, destroyed during the invasion. According to the surviving evidence of contemporaries, the stone Kremlin was built on the remains of a wooden Kremlin, which was finally dismantled during the construction process.

In December 1237, having defeated the main forces of the Ryazan princes in the Wild Field, the troops of Khan Batu (Khan Batu) captured the most significant cities of the principality within two weeks, and after a five-day siege, Ryazan itself. As a result of the ruin, the city was completely destroyed and in the middle of the XIV century the center of the Ryazan principality was moved 50 kilometers northwest to the city of Pereyaslavl-Ryazan. The remnants of the Ryazan troops went to Kolomna, which was at that time on the border of the Ryazan principality with Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, and prepared for the last battle with the nomads. But then a new adversary opposed the Mongols - Yuri II Vsevolodovich, Grand Duke of Vladimir and Suzdal.

In January 1238, the Mongol troops at Kolomna met not only with the remnants of Ryazan troops, but also with the large squad of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich, reinforced by the militia of the whole of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. Not expecting the intervention of a new enemy, the advanced Mongol troops were initially squeezed. But soon the main forces of Jehangir and the steppe cavalry came, took over the enemy’s less mobile foot troops.
January 1, 1238 Batu Khan (Batu Khan) after Ryazan captured the city of Kolomna. The weak walls of the wooden Kolomna Kremlin did not allow protecting the city from the invasion of the Tatars and the city was plundered and burned to the ground. Only a small part of the Vladimir squad survived.
The Russian army lost many bright goals in this battle. In this battle Vladimir governor Jeremiah Glebovich, Ryazan Prince Roman, piled his head. The Horde Khan also suffered serious losses, having lost the military commander Kulhan - the youngest son of Genghis Khan (one of the most influential opponents of Batu) and a substantial part of his army. Kulhan was the only descendant of Genghis Khan killed during the conquest of Russia.
Batu, leaving the main forces to besiege Kolomna, moved to Moscow and took it after five days of continuous assaults. In late January, the Mongols moved to Vladimir.

Duden's army

Khan Mengu-Timur, peacefully disposed towards Russia, died in 1280, which caused an intensification of the power struggle between Tudan-Mengu and Nogai. The separation of powers in the Golden Horde led to the formation of two rival groups among the Russian princes. The Grand Duke, accompanied by several Rostov princes and the Rostov bishop, went to Tokhta to renew the label and presented him with his complaints about the creature of Nogai, the ruling Grand Duke. The latter refused to appear at the court of Tohta, considering himself a vassal of Nogai. The prince (the son of the grand duke) also took the side of Nogai and went to confirm his right to the throne to him, and not to Tohta. And Prince Daniel of Moscow (the youngest son) refused to appear at the court of Tohta.
Tokhta refused to put up with a similar situation and made an energetic attempt to assert his rule over all of Northern Russia. He not only recognized Andrei Gorodetsky as Grand Duke of Vladimir, but also authorized him and Grand Duke Fyodor Smolensky to overthrow Dmitry Pereyaslavsky. As one would expect, Prince Dmitry did not intend to give up the table and neglected the orders of Tokhta. Then the khan sent an army in support of his Russian vassals under the command of his brother Tudan, whom the Russian chronicles call Duden.

In 1293, the city of Kolomna was captured by the military leader Tudan. In addition to Kolomna, 14 cities of the center of Russia were burned and destroyed.

Monument to Dmitry Donskoy in front of the Kremlin’s Marinkina Tower

The confrontation between Khan Tokhtamysh and his regent, Mamai, leads to the Battle of Kulikovo, where Tokhtamysh uses the Prince (later Don) as an ally, and Mamai uses the Genoese infantry. The gathering of troops of Dmitry Donskoy takes place in Kolomna and on August 26, 1380, the 150 thousandth army of Dmitry Donskoy, with a blessing, goes to meet Mamay.
After the Battle of Kulikovo, Tokhtamysh, with the help of Timur, took control of the throne of the Golden Horde. Wanting to dispel the fear that attacked the Tatars after the Battle of Kulikovo, Tokhtamysh ordered the Russian guests to be robbed and their ships seized, and in 1382 he went to Moscow with a large army. Prince of Nizhny Novgorod Dmitry Konstantinovich, learning about Tokhtamysh’s campaign and wishing to save his land from ruin, sent his sons Vasily and Semyon to him. Oleg Ryazansky, guided by the same motives, showed him fords on the Oka. The Tatars took Dmitry Donskoy by surprise. He left Moscow and left first to Pereyaslavl, and then to Kostroma, to collect troops.
On the way to Moscow, Tokhtamysh took and burned Serpukhov and approached the capital on August 23, 1382. The Tatars broke into Moscow and defeated it. Then Tokhtamysh dismissed his detachments in the Moscow possessions: to Zvenigorod, Volok, Mozhaisk, Yuriev, Dmitrov and Pereyaslavl. But they managed to take only the last. The detachment that approached Volok was defeated by Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky who was there. After that Tokhtamysh left Moscow and set off home, taking Kolomna along the road.

Temnik Edigey

Edigey belonged to the ancient Mongolian family of the White Mangkyt (Ak-Mangkyt) family. Mangkyty were the core of the Nogai Horde. Their support seriously helped Edigey in the seizure of power in the Golden Horde.

After the reorganization of his state, Edigei felt strong enough to tackle Russian problems. In fact, East Russia has become almost independent since the final defeat inflicted by Tokhtamysh Timur. Only in 1400 did the Grand Duke Ivan of Tver (the son of Michael II) consider it necessary to send Edigey his ambassador. Two years later, Prince Fedor Ryazansky (Oleg’s son) went to the Horde and received a label on the Ryazan table (freed after Oleg’s death). However, immediately after his return from the Horde, Fyodor entered into an agreement with Grand Duke Vasily of Moscow, according to which he undertook not to provide any assistance to the Mongols and to warn Vasily about any threatening steps by Edigheus. As for the Grand Duke Vasily, under various pretexts he stopped sending tribute to the Horde and did not pay any attention to the complaints of Khan ambassadors about this. Edigheus could not bear such an attitude for too long.
Edigey replaced the Grand Duke of Ryazan Fedor, whom he did not trust, with Prince Ivan of Pronsky and in the summer of 1408, Ivan with the help of the Tatar army occupied Ryazan. Horde Edigeya approached the walls of Moscow on December 1. The first attempt by the Tatars to storm the city was not successful. Then Edigei made his headquarters a few miles from Moscow and allowed the troops to rob the neighborhood. Meanwhile, he sent ambassadors to Tver with the order to Grand Duke Ivan to deliver his artillery to Moscow. Ivan promised and pretended to speak to Moscow, but soon returned to Tver. He probably did not want to tempt fate and was afraid of revenge on the part of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Edigheus, without artillery, abandoned the hope of storming the city and decided to do so with the help of a siege. The siege continued unsuccessfully for several weeks and, in the end, Edigey proposed to remove it for 3,000 rubles of compensation. Having received the indicated amount, he led the troops back to the steppe.
In 1408, attacked Kolomna, retreating after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Moscow, Khan Edigey. And again the wooden walls of the Kolomna Kremlin were burning.

Kazan Khan Ulu-Muhammed

The next time, the Kolomna Kremlin was captured and burned by Ulu-Muhammed. In July 1439, Kazan khan Ulu-Muhammed, after a failed attempt to take possession of Moscow, "going backwards" burned Kolomna and captured many people.

The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

The last Golden Horde khan Akhmat in the summer of 1472 went to Russia to restore the Tatar yoke to its former strength. When the great prince Ivan III found out about this, he hurriedly left for Kolomna. He managed to strengthen the bank of the Oka in time. Ahmet, having seen numerous regiments, stepped back. But after eight years, he again went to Russia. And again, Ivan III gathered a large army on the Oka River and he was without a break in Kolomna with the troops from July 23 to September 30, 1480, that is, more than two months. But Ahmet was afraid to engage in battle with the troops of Ivan III. This was the end of the Tatar yoke in Russia.

Troops of Mehmed I Giray

In 1521, near the Kolomna, a breakthrough of the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray troops occurred during a campaign in Moscow. The destruction of the withered fortifications served as the impetus for the construction of strong stone walls of the Kolomna Kremlin.

Stone Kremlin

The stone Kremlin in Kolomna was built in 1525-1531 by order of the Grand Duke Vasily III at the site of the wooden Kremlin destroyed during the invasion of the Tatars. The Kremlin’s stone walls were erected around the perimeter of old wooden fortifications, which were finally destroyed during construction. In addition to the construction of stone walls, walk-towers were placed on the territory of the Kremlin, which were built into the wall in case of its destruction.

Over their centuries-old history, the walls and towers of the Kolomna Kremlin have become a participant and witness to many events of the Ryazan principality, the Moscow principality, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. To dumb witnesses, they looked at the internecine showdown of the Grand Dukes, the confrontation between the Moscow Principality and the Golden Horde, the unity of the Russian troops for campaigns against enemies, adventurers of troubled times, and others. Over time, human rumor gave new features to the events that took place near the Kremlin walls, adding legends and their versions. The chronicle says the following: in 1525, "the great prince Vasily Ivanovich ate the city of Kolomna delati kamen", and with a brief record under 1531 the chronicler notes "... the city of Kolomna kamen was completed the same summer."

Marinkina Kremlin tower

The tower is twenty-sided, but if you look at it from afar, it seems round - this is what explains one of its names. According to the twenty-sided pillar, 27 loopholes were staggered.

According to one version, in 1611, the famous troublemaker Marina Mnishek was imprisoned in the Marinkina tower of the Kolomna Kremlin, in which she died. But in the city there is a legend according to which Marina did not die in captivity within the walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, but, turning a magpie, flew out the window.

Marina Mnishek

There is another legend in the city, according to which the already mentioned Marina Mnishek, together with her husband, the Cossack chieftain Zarutsky, buried a treasure unknown in Kolomensky district under the sash of the Pyatnitsky gate. It is believed that the Marinkina tower was named in honor of its great prisoner Marina Mnishek. Nevertheless, there is a version that the tower got its name in honor of Marinka, a Kolomna nun, about whom it was revealed by a special diocesan inquiry that she was an active lesbian (or hermaphrodite). So that she would not lead into the temptation of the sisters of the monastery, she was isolated, walled up in the wall of the tower.

Basements of the Marinkina Tower

Faceted tower of the Kremlin

Yamskaya (Trinity) tower with the first surviving fragment of the fortress wall

The second surviving fragment of the wall with the Yamskaya tower

From the Yamskaya tower used to be the Yamskaya Sloboda, from which it got its name. Near the tower housed stables, hunting and pit yards. There was also a Yamskoye exchange - a place where coachmen skated horses. You can find the second name of the tower "Trinity", the church of the Holy Trinity-on-Repna Yamskaya Sloboda. Nearby was a parade ground for training soldiers, which later turned into a park. Here in the first half of the 19th century the guardhouse building was built, which has survived to our time.

Semenovskaya tower of the Kremlin

The height of the tower is 24 meters, length - 12 meters, width - 8 meters. The thickness of the walls of the tower is 2.9 meters below, 1.85 meters above. Inside 5 floors.

Spasskaya tower of the Kremlin

The tower ended with a sixth tier - a gallery, its teeth, like the teeth of the walls, resembled the shape of a dovetail. The height of the teeth is 2.5 meters, the width is 1.44 meters. The tower ended with a four-pitched tent roof.
The Spasskaya Tower is named after the Transfiguration Monastery opposite it, blown up after the abolition of the Kolomna Diocese. But the tower retained the name.

The burnt tower of the Kremlin

The tower ended with a sixth tier - a gallery, its teeth, like the teeth of the walls, resembled the shape of a dovetail. The height of the teeth is 2.5 meters, the width is 1.44 meters. The tower ended with a four-pitched tent roof.
The burnt tower is named after the fires that happened earlier in it. The second name of the tower is Alekseevskaya, according to the church of Alexy the man of God, located earlier not far from the tower - in the Transfiguration Monastery. The monastery was blown up, but the tower retained its name. From the Burned Tower there is Levshin Street, until October 1921 it was called Alekseevskaya.

Friday gates

Pyatnitsky gate is the main passage tower, the main entrance to the Kolomna Kremlin. It was from this place that the construction of both the wooden and stone Kremlin began. The gate tower is two-tier, it used to reach a height of 35 meters, now its height is 29 meters, length is 23 meters, width is 13 meters. At the top there is a small turret-arrow, in the stone arch of which there used to be a continuous (from the word “flare up”) alarm bell, which the watchman would strike when the city was in danger: be it an invasion of enemies or a fire. Under the tower was a vaulted crawl connecting the fortress with the city if necessary. Massive casement gates and double hers, lowering with the help of a block of the grate, protected the entrance to the city. These heroes, according to legend, were ordered to be removed from the blocks by Marina Mniszek and thereby freed the Polish army from entering the city. No gates have been found so far. There is another legend according to which royal treasures were kept in the city. Marina ordered to take them some distance from the city, dig a huge hole, put it there, and cover it with gers from above. After all the performers left, Marina Mnishek, being a witch, cast a terrible spell that not a single soul in the world, except her, will ever find them.

The passage at the gate resembles a horseshoe - a symbol of good luck, prosperity and happiness in Russia. From the side of the posad at the gate you can read the prayer: "Save Christ, God, this city and your people and bless the entrance to this gate." It was with this prayer that Dmitry Donskoy and Ivan the Terrible entered Kolomna ...

Now on the inner side of the travel tower there is an icon depicting: the New Testament Holy Trinity, the List with the Don Icon of the Mother of God and the heavenly patrons of Kolomna. Usually, a type of icon called Hodegetria (Guidebook) was placed at this place, and an icon of another type was placed above the gate - Eleusa (Gracious, or Tenderness). This circumstance is explained by the fact that the Don Mother of God, which belongs to the latter type, was especially revered in Kolomna.

The main trading operations were carried out on Zhitnaya Square, adjacent to the Pyatnitsky Gate, named after Saint Paraskeva Pyatnitskaya, the patroness of trade. Later, a wooden church of St. Paraskeva was attached to the gate (from the Greek. "Friday"). In the 1820s, a stone chapel was built on this site, from which only a portal has survived to our time.

Mikhailovsky Gate in the wall (Malakhovsky Gate) of the Kremlin

The uprising of Bolotnikov

In 1606, a peasant war broke out under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. The rebels on their way to Moscow came to Kolomna. In October 1606, they were seized by an attack, but the Kremlin continued to stubbornly resist. Leaving a small portion of his forces in Kolomna, Bolotnikov headed along the Kolomenskaya road to Moscow. In the village of Troitskoye, Kolomenskoye Uyezd, he managed to defeat government troops. Bolotnikov’s army was located in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow. The siege of the capital began. In December 1606, Bolotnikov suffered a failure near Moscow and he retreated to Kaluga. This served as a signal for the village top of Kolomna to deal with the "mob." The uprising of Bolotnikov was brutally crushed.

The decline of the Kremlin

By the middle of the XVII century, the border of the Moscow state moved away from Kolomna. The city ceased to be a military defense. Kolomnichi engaged in craft and trade, which allowed them to recover quickly after the Polish-Lithuanian intervention. The city belonged at that time to the eleven largest cities in Russia. The loss of military-defense status for the city made the maintenance of the Kremlin unprofitable, and it began to be destroyed and dismantled by local residents for the construction of civil buildings. The destruction of the Kremlin was stopped by decree of Nicholas I in 1826, but by then a substantial part of the Kremlin had already been destroyed.

There is a version that the construction of the Kolomna Kremlin was led by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Old), who took part in the construction of walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin and took it as a model during the construction of Kolomenskoye. This is indicated, for example, by the construction period of the Kolomna Kremlin. The Kremlin was built in six years, which suggests that the builders of the fortress had extensive experience, because the construction of a comparable scale in the capital lasted more than ten years.
It should also be noted that the Kolomna Kremlin has Italian features. However, this was reflected in the details of the fortresses of other Russian cities of that period, such as Veliky Novgorod, Ivangorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Zaraysk, Tula, in which the fortification forms of the Northern Italian fortresses, such as Turin, Milan, Verona, etc. are repeated. In addition to general construction techniques and Italian architectural details, such as mashikuli - loopholes of plantar battle in the towers, a combat parapet with dovetail-shaped battlements, faceted towers of the main fence, branch towers, etc., there are other similarities in Moscow Wow and Kolomna Kremlin. The Kremlin is similar, but not the same.
The walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, despite the already somewhat archaic high-rise buildings in serfdom at that time, were created not only to counter the assaults with manpower, but also for cannon defense. The towers and walls of the fortress are already saturated with loopholes of plantar battle. The loopholes themselves are designed to accommodate firearms, have a characteristic shape of embrasures - a bell, and sometimes are blocked by arches. From the loopholes of the towers, adjacent sections of walls and the moat are well shot.

After the city was burned down by a horde of Crimean Khan in 1521 and destroyed by the Kazan army in 1525, Prince Vasily III issued a decree on the construction of a stone fortress in Kolomna.

Construction history

The Kremlin was built by Italian craftsmen for six years. Researchers believe that the construction was led by the architect Aliviz Novy - a native of Venice or Milan, Aloisio Lamberti da Montagnana. And since 1528, Petrok Maly led the work.

16 towers were erected around the Kremlin; all the achievements of the West European fortification architecture of that time were used in the construction. An area of \u200b\u200b24 hectares was surrounded by a two-kilometer wall, the thickness of which was more than three meters, and the height of the walls was more than 20 meters.

August 15, 1531 the construction was completed. The Kolomna Kremlin has become a first-class fortification, one of the most interesting buildings of its era. After that, Kolomna remained a military center for a long time: it was here in 1552 that the army of Ivan the Terrible gathered before going to Kazan.

Kremlin towers

How many towers were originally - 16 or 17, is not known exactly. Only seven towers, including a passage gate, have survived to this day. By the middle of the XIX century, in some parts of the Kremlin there was no longer a single tower, only ruined walls.

Until today, Pyatnitsky Gate, the tetrahedral Pogorelaya (Alekseevskaya) tower, Spasskaya tower, Simeonovskaya tower, Yamskaya (Troitskaya) tower, the hexagonal Faceted tower and the round Kolomenskaya (Marinkina) tower, which is the highest, have survived. Marinkina her nickname in the people in honor of Marina Mnishek. In the Time of Troubles, it was her fault that the impregnable fortress was only once taken by the Poles - Marina Mnishek fraudulently launched them into the city. There is a legend that after these events the traitor was imprisoned in a tower and died in it.

Monuments in the Kolomna Kremlin

Many architectural monuments have been preserved within the walls of the Kremlin, various styles and eras intertwined here, buildings date from the XIV to XIX centuries. Among them are the buildings of the Brusensky monastery and the Holy Trinity Novo-Golutvin monastery, the bishops' chambers of the late XVII century, the Assumption Cathedral, built in 1382. Despite frequent rebuilding, the temples preserved the ancient decoration, icons, ancient church utensils. It is believed that in 1392, Theophanes the Greek worked in the Assumption Cathedral. Many Kolomna icons were taken out and saved by the staff of the Tretyakov Gallery during the period of persecution of the church.

It is also worth noting separately the Brusensky monastery, it was founded by decree of Ivan the Terrible in 1552, in honor of the capture of Kazan. At the same time, the stone-built tent-roofed Assumption Church was built, one of the most interesting architectural monuments in Kolomna. It kept the main shrine of the monastery - a locally revered image of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

Museum in the Kolomna Kremlin

In the XIX century, Kolomna became an open-air museum. In 1862, Nicholas I ordered to preserve the ancient buildings, which by that time were being destroyed.

The first museum in the city opened in 1903. During the years of Soviet power, the Kolomna Museum of Local Lore was created, which was located in the Kolomenskaya (Marinkina) tower. Later, museum exhibitions were housed in idle churches, for example, a branch of the museum, “Tent Architecture of the Kolomna Territory,” was opened in the Assumption Church of the Brusensky Monastery.

At present, the Kolomna Kremlin cultural and historical complex unites several museums: the Museum of Local Lore, the Museum of Organic Culture, the Museum of Russian Photography, the Museum of Pastila, and others. Its employees conduct thematic tours, creative workshops and master classes for adults and children.

Kremlin area 24 hectares Wall length 1940 meters Towers and gates Number of towers 17 The number of surviving towers 7 Number of gates 4 + 2 (in the walls) Tower height from 30 to 35 meters The thickness of the walls of the towers from 3 to 4.5 meters Walls Wall height from 18 to 21 m. Wall thickness from 3 to 4.5 meters

Kolomenskiy Kremlin - one of the largest and most powerful fortresses of its time, which was built in -1531 in Kolomna, during the reign of Vasily III. The Moscow state by that time had already annexed the Novgorod Republic and Pskov and sought to strengthen the southern borders in the fight against the Tatars - the Kazan and Crimean khanates. In addition, the defeat of Kolomna by the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Girey in 1525 accelerated the replacement of wooden city fortifications with stone ones, conceived even after the fire of 1483, which devastated the city.

Having stood in the battles, the Kremlin could not stand the attacks of the time and the “new Russians” of different classes, who had dismantled a significant part of the walls and towers into building materials in the 18th – early 19th centuries. It is known that only the decree of Nicholas I in 1826 stopped similar in Kolomna and other cities, but many monuments have already been lost, sometimes completely. Kolomna was a little luckier, because partially the fortress was preserved, restored and accessible.

The military glory of the Kremlin

The Kolomna Kremlin was repeatedly destroyed during the Tatars' raids on Russia. Virtually no campaign of the khans of the Golden Horde was complete without the capture of Kolomna.

In the sixteenth century, after the construction of stone walls, the enemies never managed to take the Kolomna Kremlin with an attack. Even during the time of Troubles, the Polish interventionists and detachments of the “Tushino thief” found themselves in Kolomna not as a result of the assault on the fortress, but because of the indecisiveness and treacherous moods of the temporary workers, who were finally entangled in the change of royal people.

The era of the wooden Kremlin

Very little information has reached the wooden Kolomna Kremlin to date. Nevertheless, it is known that its size was practically not inferior to the stone Kremlin, since the stone Kremlin was built around the perimeter of the Kremlin destroyed during the invasion of the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray. According to the surviving evidence of contemporaries, the stone Kremlin was built on the remains of a wooden Kremlin, which was finally dismantled during the construction process.

Batyev pogrom

Batu, leaving the main forces to besiege Kolomna, moved to Moscow and took it after five days of continuous assaults. In late January, the Mongols moved to Vladimir.

Duden's army

Kolomna Kremlin on a postage stamp of the USSR

Tokhta refused to put up with a similar situation and made an energetic attempt to assert his rule over all of Northern Russia. He not only recognized Andrei Gorodetsky as Grand Duke of Vladimir, but also authorized him and Grand Duke Fyodor Smolensky to overthrow Dmitry Pereyaslavsky. As one would expect, Prince Dmitry did not intend to give up the table and neglected the orders of Tokhta. Then the khan sent an army in support of his Russian vassals under the command of his brother Tudan, whom the Russian chronicles call Duden.

Temnik Edigey

Fragment of the wall of the Kolomna Kremlin

Edigey replaced the Grand Duke of Ryazan Fedor, whom he did not trust, with Prince Ivan of Pronsky and in the summer of 1408, Ivan with the help of the Tatar army occupied Ryazan. Horde Edigeya approached the walls of Moscow on December 1. The first attempt by the Tatars to storm the city was not successful. Then Edigei made his headquarters a few miles from Moscow and allowed the troops to rob the neighborhood. Meanwhile, he sent ambassadors to Tver with the order to Grand Duke Ivan to deliver his artillery to Moscow. Ivan promised and pretended to speak to Moscow, but soon returned to Tver. He probably did not want to tempt fate and was afraid of revenge on the part of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Edigheus, without artillery, abandoned the hope of taking the city by storm and decided to do this with the help of a siege. The siege continued unsuccessfully for several weeks and, in the end, Edigey proposed to remove it for 3,000 rubles of compensation. Having received the indicated amount, he led the troops back to the steppe.

In 1408, attacked Kolomna, retreating after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Moscow, Khan Edigey. And again the wooden walls of the Kolomna Kremlin were burning.

Kazan Khan Ulu-Muhammed

The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

The last Golden Horde khan Akhmet in the summer of 1472 went to Russia to restore the Tatar yoke to its former strength. When the great prince Ivan III found out about this, he hurriedly left for Kolomna. He managed to strengthen the bank of the Oka in time. Ahmet, having seen numerous regiments, stepped back. But after eight years, he again went to Russia. And again, Ivan III gathered a large army on the Oka, and he was always in Kolomna with the troops from July 23 to September 30, 1480, that is, more than 3 months. But Ahmet was afraid to engage in battle with the troops of Ivan III. This was the end of the Tatar yoke in Russia.

Troops of Mehmed I Giray

Stone Kremlin

Marinkina Kremlin head

The uprising of Bolotnikov

The decline of the Kremlin

By the middle of the XVII century, the border of the Moscow state moved away from Kolomna. The city ceased to be a military defense. Kolomnichi engaged in craft and trade, which allowed them to recover quickly after the Polish-Lithuanian intervention. The city belonged at that time to the eleven largest cities in Russia. The loss of military-defensive status for the city made the maintenance of the Kremlin unprofitable and it began to be destroyed and dismantled by local residents for the construction of civil buildings. The destruction of the Kremlin was stopped by decree of Nicholas I in 1826, but by then a substantial part of the Kremlin had already been destroyed.

Architecture

It should also be noted that the Kolomna Kremlin undoubtedly has Italian features. However, this was reflected in the details of the fortresses of other Russian cities of that period, such as Veliky Novgorod, Ivangorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Zaraysk, Tula, in which the fortifications of the Northern Italian fortresses, such as