What is the flow of the Kuban River fast or slow. The effectiveness of measures to protect water bodies

• To form students' ideas about the reservoirs of our region.
• Develop cognitive interest, the ability to reason, analyze, work on the map.
• To cultivate a love of nature, a culture of behavior in places
     relaxing in the lap of nature.

Equipment: a multimedia projector, a film - a presentation about the reservoirs, a physical map of the Krasnodar Territory, a memo about the reservoirs of the region, the schemes “Value of the reservoir”, contour maps, posters on the protection of reservoirs.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment.

Today we will talk about something very important and necessary for the life of any living organism. It is everywhere - both in you, and in me, and around us.

SLIDE 2.

Today we will go to where the water splashes, sways.

To learn the topic of the lesson, we need to solve the crossword.

SLIDE 3. I bring it to your attention.

1) It’s going along the sea, it’s going, but it will reach the coast - here it will disappear.
   2) The place where the river originates.
   3) Flowed, flowed, and fell under the glass.
   4) the warmest sea in Russia.
   5) the place where the river flows into another river, lake, sea.
   6) There is water all around, and drinking is a disaster.

Formulate the purpose of the lesson.

Slide 4.

II. Work on the topic of the lesson.

Yes, today we will talk about water, as our wealth, about water bodies. In other words, we will talk about the water resources of the Krasnodar Territory.

(Resources - means in French “available stocks, funds that are used if necessary.”)

What are the two groups of all water bodies divided into?

What are the natural (artificial) ponds.

What water tastes in ponds?

III. Work on the map.

Guys look at a mapHow can we identify water bodies from a map? (Water bodies on the map are marked in blue).

What kind natural bodies of water   is in the Krasnodar Territory?

Slide 6.

The seas are huge bodies of salt water. They are rich in flora and fauna. The sea gives people food, medicine, and serves as waterways. Sea shores are a great place to relax.

What do you know about the seas of the Krasnodar Territory? Pay attention to the outline of the coastline of these seas, what can you say? (The Black Sea has a slightly winding coastline with only two convenient bays: Gelendzhik and Novorossiysk. The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is indented, has many estuaries and bays).

Which one is longer, find out on the map.

Slide 7.

What can you tell about the Black Sea? (see memo)

BLACK SEA, the Mediterranean Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria. Washes K. edge from Cape Tuzla to the river. Psou on the border with Georgia. The Kerch Strait connects the Black Sea with Az. by the sea. Pl. PM 422 thousand square meters km   The greatest depth. 2245 m.   S. west the coast is low, the rest are high and mostly steep. Belongs to the number of warm, in the summer the pace reaches + 28 °, and in the winter to the center, parts do not exceed + 6 ° C. Within the region in Ch.m. about 200 rivers flow into it. At a depth of 150-200 m, the water contains hydrogen sulfide, the concentration of which at the bottom reaches 11-14 mg / l. Animal and plant world.Commercial fish: beluga, flounder, mullet, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, horse mackerel, ram, hamsa, etc. There are dolphins, sharks (Black Sea Katran). Algae grow in coastal waters.

Slide 8.

Tell us about the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. (see memo)

The Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov washes the shores of the territory of K. Krai in the north-west. Pl. 38 thousand square meters Km. Volume 320 cc km For (from the Arabat arrow to the mouth of the Don) - 360 shir. - 175 km (from Temryu-ka to the Belosaray spit). G brow. 7 - 14 m.   Water A.m. desalinate the Don, Kuban, Chelbas, Eya and other steppe rivers. There are few salts in it, so the sea easily freezes for 1-2 months. The average annual rate of water in the village. +11 ° С, nay. +12 ° C. In summer, the water warms up to 32 ° C off the coast. The course depends on the winds, of which the south-west are the most powerful. and north east With prolonged north-east. winds A.m. it becomes shallow, as a lot of surface water is carried away through the Kerch Strait to Chern. sea. Water transparency A.m. low, unequal in its different districts and ranges from 0.5 to 8 m. A.m. - a unique reservoir in terms of fish stocks. The shallow water, good warming of the waters, as well as low salinity create favorable conditions for the development of plant and animal organisms that serve as food for different types of fish (herring, bream, pike perch, common carp, sturgeon).

Slide 9.

And now we will talk about other types of reservoirs. You will recognize them by guessing a riddle - a charade:

Starts on “O”,
   It is found in the mountains,
   Never repeated
   And ends on “Oh,”
   So this is ... (lake)

Locate the lake on the map.

How many lakes are there?

Where are most of the lakes.

Lake - a large natural depression (enclosed body of water) filled with water.

Compare the lakes shown on the slide. Describe them. (see memo)

Near Lake Abrau there is lake Dolphinier. This lake is suitable for showing an attraction with sea animals. The water in it is salty, a depth of 7 meters. In 1983, a dolphinarium was built here, which operates in the summer. How many of you were there? What can you tell?

Find lakes on the map. Where are most lakes located? (In the mountains). - Try to characterize them (they are cold, because what“Eat” melting snow).

Total in our region 204 lakes.

Find the largest of them ( Abrau, Khan, Chambur, Kardyvach)

Slide 11.

Golubitsky lake is a natural monument. Located on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov near the station. Golubitskaya.

This is a small sea lagoon with a length of about 600 m and a depth of 2 m.

It is separated from the sea by a sand-shell mound 200 m wide and 1.5 - 2 m high. With strong sea winds, storm waves roll through the mound, replenishing the lagoon with sea water.

Almost the entire bottom of the lake is covered with medicinal mud containing bromine, iodine.

Slide 12.

Depth salt Lake   10 cm. In summer, water disappears, and the dried surface is painted pink or blue. This is a crust of salt. But if you go through it, you will immediately fall into a half-meter layer of healing mud. After rain or storm in the Black Sea, the salt lake is replenished with water.

Slide 13.

We pass to the following type of reservoirs.

FROM mountains escaped without looking back, With a stream played hide and seek, Wide and deep - it's fast.... (River) Slide 14. River - a constant water flow of significant size with a natural flow along the channel from source to mouth.

Describe the river described in the riddle.

Are there such rivers in our region? Find them on the map.

What do you think, what other rivers, besides turbulent, rapidly bearing their waters, are in the Krasnodar Territory?

Find the plain rivers on the map of the Krasnodar Territory. Where do these rivers come from?

- Why, despite the fact that rivers originate in the mountains, is their character calm?   (Although the sources of these rivers are in the mountains, they flow along the northern slopes of the mountains, which are more gentle than the southern ones, and flowing along the flat parts of the region, they completely calm down).

What is the source of the rivers of the Krasnodar Territory? (Springs, precipitation, melting snow, glaciers).

Teacher memo

Pshada is a mountain river in the southwestern part of the region. The sources are near Mount Pshada, at an altitude of 448 m, the length of the river is 35 km, the basin area is 358 sq. M. km

The river bed is replete with boulders, there are waterfalls. The highest and most picturesque is Pshad Falls.

Pshada flows into the Black Sea between Arkhipo - Osipovka and Dzhanhot.

Power sources - precipitation and groundwater. In the valley of the Pshada River there are settlements of Pshada, Beregovaya, Krinitsa.

MZYMTA, a typical mountain river (translated from Circassian - "Mad"), the largest of the rivers of the Black Sea coast.

It begins in the area of \u200b\u200bLoyub at an altitude of 2980 m, on its way takes 577 tributaries. Mzymtu is fed by glaciers, snow, rains, springs.

The river is 89 km long and flows into the Black Sea near Adler. The area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 885 sq. Km.

The energy of Mzymta’s water is used by the Krasnopolyansk Hydroelectric Power Station, which provides electricity to Sochi.

Shah.   The second highest mountain river after Mzymta.

The Shahe River originates near Mount Chura at an altitude of 1718 m above sea level in the zone of alpine meadows. Flowing through the territory of the city - the resort of Sochi, Shah collects water from an area of \u200b\u200b562 square meters. km and flows into the Black Sea near the village. Golovinka, having traveled 60 km. The tributaries of the river are Bzych, Kichmay, Azhu. Sahah also has rainfall and groundwater. The waters of the Shah River inflict almost 1 billion cubic meters per year into the Black Sea. m of water and hundreds of thousands of sediment.

The Psou River originates on a mountain ridge west of Mount Agepst, at an altitude of 2730 m above sea level, flows into the Black Sea 8 km from Adler. Its length is 53 km, the basin area is 431 square meters. km

Typical mountain river with a fast flow, clear water and a picturesque valley.

The largest left tributaries are Phista and Besh. It feeds due to showers, melting of high mountain snows.

In the Psou Valley, the settlements of Yermolovka, Aibga, Nizhneshilovskoye, Vesyoloye are located.

Find these rivers on the map.

What can you tell about them?

White- a mountain river originates at the snow peaks of Fisht and Oshten. In the mountains it turns into a stormy foaming white stream, with which, probably, the name is associated. The length of the river is 265 km, the drainage basin is 5990 sq. Km. The main right tributaries are Birch, Cold, Teplyaki 1 and 2, Chessu, Molchepa, Kish; left: Groove, Aminovka, Shuntuk, Kurdzhips, Psheha. It falls into the Krasnodar reservoir near the station. Vasyurinskaya.

Waterfalls of Rufabgo Gorge.

Slide 16.

Two hydroelectric power stations were built on Belaya (Maikop and Belorechenskaya. In winter, the Belaya river freezes for 1 - 2 months. Two cities are located on the river - Maykop and Belorechensk. Slide 17.

Kuban is one of the large rivers of the North Caucasus with large water.)

On the western slope of Elbrus, the beginning of the river is the confluence of the Ullukam and Uchkulam rivers flowing from under the glaciers.) Its length is about 700 km.

What are the main tributaries of the Kuban?

(White, Pshish, Urup, Laba, Psekups, Afips).

On the map, find the tributaries of the Kuban River.

Slide 18. Compare tributaries: which one the longest? Which is the most short? Which of them largest pool area (smallest)?

Locate and show on the map a tributary whose length is shorter and the basin area is larger than the Laba River.

Locate and show on the map a tributary whose length is greater and the area is less than that of the Urup River. Slide 19.

Teacher memo

Bolshaya Laba is the largest left tributary of the Kuban. It is formed from the confluence of the Bolshoi and Malaya Laba (near the Kalajinskaya station). B.Laba originates from the glaciers of Mount Abytskha (2367 m), M.Laba - from the snowy peaks of Aishkho and Pseashkho glacier (3256 m). The total area of \u200b\u200bglaciers in the basin of these rivers is about 15 thousand square kilometers.

Laba flows into the Kuban in the region of Ust - Labinsk. The length is 214 km, and with the main tributary - 341 km, the basin area is 12,500 sq. Km.

In the upper reaches of the Laba there is a stormy mountain river, in the lower - the banks are gentle, the flow is calm. The largest tributaries are Chalmyk, Khodz, Chekhrak, Fars, Giaga. Floods occur during spring snowmelt, summer melting of glaciers and after autumn rainfall.

Kirpili is a steppe river, flowing along the Azov - Kuban plain. It originates in 8 km from the station. Ladoga Ust - Labinsky district. Having overcome more than 200 km, it flows into the Kirpilsky estuary. The area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin is 3431 square meters. km The inflow of the Kirpili River - r. Kocheti (its length is 37 km). In the lower reaches of the river stretch smooths, lakes, turning into a series of estuaries. The water in the river is hard, mineralized. On Kirpili are the villages of Kirpilskaya, Medvedovskaya, Platnirovskaya, Rogovskaya, Stepnaya, Timashevsk and others.

Chelbas - the steppe river of the Azov - Kuban Plain. It originates north of the station. Temizhbek. The length of the river is 288 km, the basin Area is 3950 sq. Km. The largest tributaries: Borisovka, Tikhonkaya, Middle Chelbas. About 120 ponds have been built on the Chelbas River and its tributaries, used for irrigation and fish farming.

The Psekups River is a left-bank tributary of the Kuban. Born on the side of a mountain

Agoy (994 m), its length is 146 km, flows into the Krasnodar reservoir. The area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin is 1430 sq. Km. The most significant tributaries are Chepsi and Caversee. The river is fed by precipitation and groundwater. In the valley of Psekups are located Goryachiy Klyuch, st. Klyuchevskaya and Saratov.

The reservoirs we have studied are called natural. Why? There are also artificial ponds, why do they have such a name? - What artificial reservoirs are in the Krasnodar Territory? Look at the map. What reservoirs can you name? (Krasnodar, Varnavenskoe, Kryukovskoe, Shapsugskoe). Slide 20.

What other bodies of water are artificial? ( Ponds, canals) Find the ponds on the map. (This cannot be done, since they are very small, the scale of our map does not allow us to depict them, although they are located everywhere, on almost all rivers).

III. Physical Activity Slide 21.

We will rest a bit, get up, take a deep breath.
   Hands to the sides, forward, we are on the beach - the sun is burning.
   We’ll run rather into the sea, plunge, swim.
   Ah, what a grace! But the measure must be known.
   Let's run to the classroom soon and continue our story.

Slide 22.

Estuaries are shallow ponds, but the water is also living, that is, not standing. Translated from Greek, the word liman means a lake, a swamp, a bay. In spring, when the rivers are full, estuaries are filled with water, and in the summer they become shallow. Why?

According to their location, the estuaries are divided into 3 groups: Akhtarsko - Hryvnia, Central and Zakubansky or Tamansky.

Estuary is a real paradise for waterfowl and marine animals. Many fish spawn here, for them there is a round-the-clock “dining room”.

Map work

Name Akhtarsko - Hryvnia estuaries, Central estuaries.

Name the estuaries of the Taman Peninsula.

Slide 23.

Teacher memo

Akhtanizovsky estuary is the largest freshwater reservoir. Area - 78 square meters km, depth up to 1 m 60 cm. A. liman - a kind of “incubator” of juvenile sturgeon fish. It is important as a fishing reservoir.

Slide 24.

Lotus valley

Slide 25.

Find and show estuaries on the map.

Tell us about them (see. Memo).

Slide 26. Memo for the teacher

On the southwest coast Yeisk Estuary   The city of Yeysk is located. The estuary is about 24 km long and 12 km wide. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water mirror is more than 240 sq. Km. From the east, the Eya River flows into it, and from the west it connects to the Strait of Azov between the low sandy-shell spits of Yeisk and Glafirovskaya.

Yeisk Spit was previously solid and stretched for 8 km. In March 1914, during a severe hurricane at sea, a strait of about 50 meters wide formed in the spit. And now here is the Yeisk Spit and the Yeisk Island.

Slide 27.

When flowing into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, steppe rivers form swim.   Find on the map fluff. These are wetlands. They are overgrown with reeds and sedge. In the summer heat, the water in the meadows dries up. And only millions of frogs, these “Kuban nightingales”, before the rain or in the evenings break the silence with their deafening concert.

In the edge of the meadows, they occupy an area in 380 hectares. Formed as a result of river spills, accumulations of rainwater in low places. The location of the floodplains: Adygei, on the left bank of the Kuban River, Zakubanskie, from Krasnodar to Temryuk (the left bank of the Kuban), Priazovskie, stretched in a wide strip along the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Dried and cultivated floodplains become suitable for growing rice and garden crops.

Slide 28.

Sometimes the meadows are confused with estuaries. Who can name the main difference between these reservoirs? Estuaries are also shallow reservoirs, but the water is also living, that is, not standing.

IV. Securing the studied material

Scheme "The value of water bodies of water." Slide 29.

Why can no man exist, no plants, no animals, without water? But do we always behave correctly when we are near a reservoir?

- What can adults and children do to protect water bodies?

Do not allow vehicles to be washed in water.
   You can’t throw garbage into the water, leave garbage ashore.
   It is necessary to monitor the purity of water, to clear springs and streams.

At present, refineries are being built in factories, where the water used in the production is purified and reused.

Slides 30.31.

“Rules of conduct at the reservoir”

Do not throw rubbish into the water.
   Do not leave rubbish ashore.
   Not my bike and other vehicles in the ponds.

TEST “Ponds of the Krasnodar Territory”. Slides 32 - 62.

V. The final stage of the lesson

Listen to a poem by Sergei Smirnov.

There is just a temple
   There is a temple of science.
   And there is a nature temple -
   With forests pulling hands
   Towards the sun and the winds.
   He is holy at any time of the day,
   Open to us in the heat and shame.
   Come here, be a little heart
   Do not desecrate his shrines.

What can you do at your age to preserve the beauty of this temple?

VI.Homework:

Examine the ecological status of the local reservoir and prepare a message.

P A M I \u200b\u200bT K A

I. Description of the sea, lake:

• name where it is located; flow rate, tributaries;
• where the river flows
• how a person uses the river.

Sources of information:

1. Sitdikova N.V. My Kuban. Rostov-on-Don, 2005;
2. Platonov I. Peninsula of Treasures - Taman. Temryuk, 2004;
3. Paskevich N.Ya. Favorite corner of the earth. Krasnodar, 2005;
4. Efremov Yu.V. In the country of mountain lakes. Krasnodar, 1991.

Of greatest importance for the region is p. Kuban. The wayward and capricious Kuban and its tributaries. A lot of grief, a lot of damage to the economy of the region was caused by a high-water and treacherous river, which spilled violently during floods and flooded "large expanses of the low parts of its valley; causing damage to settlements. Since ancient times, the Kuban region was famous for impenetrable swamps, meadows and numerous shallow estuaries. The significance of the Kuban River during the years of socialist construction changed, and the Soviet people conquered the wayward river and forced it to serve itself.

During the years of Soviet power in the lower reaches of the Kuban such large irrigation systems were created as: PetrovskoAnastasievskaya with an area of \u200b\u200bover 33 thousand hectares in Priazovskiye floodplains (Temryuk, Chernoerkovskaya, Azov and other rice systems are being built here), Kuban with an area of \u200b\u200bover 25 thousand hectares and Maryano-Chebourgolskaya on an array of Prikuban floodplains, Afipskaya, Kryukovskaya, Fedorovskaya and Varnavinskaya (with a total area of \u200b\u200bover 50 thousand hectares) in the Trans-Kuban floodplains, the Chibi drainage system with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 15 thousand hectares in Adygea floodplains, against the city Krasnodar. In addition, the construction of a number of systems is planned, including the Krasnodar irrigation system in the middle reaches of the Kuban.

Water r. Kuban are used for irrigation and watering of land not only in the Krasnodar Territory, but also in the Stavropol Territory. Kuban Egorlykskaya and Kuban-Kalauskaya water-irrigation systems absorb about 4 billion m 3 of water per year.

The Nevinnomyssky Canal, which supplies water to the Stavropol Territory, has reduced the flow of the river. Kuban at 75 m 3 / s

In the future, by the year 1980, almost 9 billion m 3 of water will be spent on irrigation needs. By the end of the 10th five-year plan, the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land in the Krasnodar Territory will reach 490 thousand ha. Of these, 255 thousand ha will be occupied by rice systems. Until 1985, the development of irrigation in the region will occur due to the ever more complete use of the waters of the river. Kuban. But in the future they will no longer be enough for land reclamation needs, and therefore it is planned to carry out a grandiose project to transfer water from the Volga to our region.

In the future, the irrigation area in the Krasnodar Territory will expand significantly.

This will allow creating on hundreds of thousands of hectares irrigation systems of grain and feed direction,

lower agro-industrial complexes for the production and processing of sugar beets and other industrial crops.

Kuban plays a large role in the water balance of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. It gives about 30% of the river flow into this sea, supporting the salinity of the sea, which is favorable for valuable fish species. The waters of the Kuban are used for desalination and create optimal salinity for a number of estuaries for fish breeding. In the years 1936-1940. Three desalination systems were built in the Kuban delta: Chernoerkovskaya, Kulikovo-Kurchanskaya and Grivenskaya. Kiziltashsky estuary is desalinated to optimal salinity.

The Kuban and its tributaries are of great importance as spawning grounds for such valuable fish as sturgeon, fishery, and sheikh. After the commissioning of the Tshchik and Shapsug reservoirs pp. Belaya, Pshekha, Afips turned out to be inaccessible for fisheries and shemai going to spawn; therefore, during the construction of the Krasnodar reservoir, a fish elevator for sturgeons, fisheries and shemai going to spawn was created in its dam.

Great fishery value of the rivers of the Krasnodar Territory. In the river Kuban, its tributaries and reservoirs are home to more than 50 species of fish. Commercial stellates include stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, common carp, catfish, pike perch, fisherman, chamois, perch, pike, rudd, bream, ruff, crucian carp and some others.

The number of fish species in the Kuban and its tributaries increases from source to mouth. For example, in the river. White trout is found only in the upper reaches, in the middle course there are 10 species of fish, and at the mouth of the river - 25 species. The rivers of the Azov-Kuban lowland, especially Beisug and Chelbas, are of great fishery importance. About 30 species of fish live in the steppe rivers and ponds. The most common are pike, bream, crucian carp, rudd, ram, pike perch, tench, stickleback.

The rivers of the Black Sea coast are inhabited by more than 20 species: trout, podust, minnow, chub, hornwort, mullet and others. Salmon come to spawn.

In all rivers of the region, the species and quantitative composition of fish increases with approaching the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov or the Black Sea. Speaking about the importance of rivers, ponds and reservoirs for fish farming and fishing, we must bear in mind not only the current level of their fishery use, but also the development prospects.

The rivers of our region are a breeding ground for valuable commercial sturgeon, pike perch, ram, fish, shemai, salmon. Independent fishing value

rivers is relatively small, but in the future it can increase significantly. In order to increase the reproduction of fish in the region more than 30 years ago, work was begun on the artificial breeding of the most valuable commercial fish and the reclamation of natural spawning grounds for pike perches and rams. A number of spawning farms for breeding zander and rams were created. So, Akhtarsk, Chernoerkovsk, Zhester and Beisug farms annually release several billion pieces of ram and hundreds of millions of pike perch into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.

At the Krasnodar reservoir, the Ryazan spawning farm was created for the artificial breeding of pikeperch, bream, common carp and other fish species. A number of hatcheries for the artificial breeding of sturgeons were also built, for example, the Achuyevsky, Temryuk sturgeon plants at the mouth of the Kuban, the sturgeon factory in the village of Grivenskaya on the Protoka, and the fish factory at the Krasnodar reservoir.

A special fish and nursery nursery in the Kuban delta in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Chernoerkovskaya annually releases into the sea up to 15 billion pieces of young fish and shemai.

In 1974, ichthyologists of the Kiziltash mullet fish factory began to grow beluga and sterlet hypodermic in special cages. In 1976, the capture of this marketable fish began.

All this allows you to restore the fish wealth of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the rivers of our region.

Less important in fisheries management are the rivers of the Black Sea coast. Only Adler trout farm in rMzymte was organized and operated. In the future, on the rivers of the Black Sea, it is possible to organize on a large scale the cultivation of valuable trout fish. In addition, these rivers are of great importance as a place for spawning of salmon fish.

For commercial fish farming, inland water bodies are increasingly used in our region. Their area is increasing, fish productivity is increasing as the biological technique of commercial fish farming is improved. If in 1967 the total area of \u200b\u200breservoirs used for commercial fish farming was about 15 thousand hectares, and fish production was 43 thousand centners, then in the future the total area of \u200b\u200bsuch reservoirs in the region may be increased to 180 ™ s, ha, and the yield fish increased to 2 million c. In ponds created on the rivers of the region, mainly carp, silver carp and grass carp are grown.

Reservoirs built in the Kuban and its tributaries,

in addition to their main purpose of regulating runoff and providing irrigation of agricultural land, they are used in the same way as fish-breeding and fishing reservoirs, but still to an insufficient extent. However, all of them can be turned into highly productive reservoirs.

It should also be noted that 10 specialized fish farms have been created and are operating in the region, which provide the population with fish.

One of the reserves for increasing fish production in the Krasnodar Territory is its cultivation in rice irrigation systems - in checks and irrigation canals. At the same time, herbivorous fish help fight overgrowth of irrigation canals. The use of irrigation systems for fish farming will allow in the future to receive up to 400 thousand centners of fish per year.

Touching upon the significance of rivers, one should not forget that a large amount of river water is used for water supply of numerous settlements located in their valleys. Water is used for household needs and for livestock and industrial enterprises.

As you know, the importance of rivers for shipping. But in our region only the river is navigable. Kuban. The Krasnodar reservoir regulated the river flow, significantly improved the conditions of the Kuban shipping. The navigation period lengthened by one third, the depth increased. River vessels run from the city of UstLabinsk to the mouth, transport many thousands of passengers and millions of tons of cargo.

The tributaries of the Kuban Laba and Belaya are used for rafting the forest. As noted above, the Kuban and its tributaries, as well as the rivers of the Black Sea coast, have large reserves of hydropower. They built more than 18 hydroelectric power stations with a total capacity of about 100 thousand kWh. However, the potential hydropower resources of the region are still completely underused. A number of hydroelectric power stations can be built on our mountain rivers and receive billions of kilowatt hours of electricity per year.

It is also necessary to note the great role of the rivers of the Black Sea coast in the formation of beaches. These rivers are the main supplier of pebble material, from which the beaches of the resort area from Novorossiysk to Adler are composed. Rivers expel pebbles into the sea, and it carries its currents and deposits it on its banks. The formed beaches protect the shores of the Black Sea from destruction and are necessary as places for relaxation and sea bathing. At one time, an unreasonable selection of gravel from beaches and floodplain estuaries reduced the flow of gravel into the sea, bunker

there was a balance between the destructive and accumulative activities of the sea, and the beaches began to shrink. It is costly for the state to restore them. Now mining / gravel on beaches and riverbeds is prohibited.

RIVES NECESSARY TO CARE

Rivers are one of the most important elements of the geographical landscape. Rivers are our wealth. The economic importance of the rivers of our country and, in particular, the Krasnodar Territory is very great. Therefore, rivers and, in general, natural waters must be protected and their resources wisely used.

On September 20, 1972, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution "On measures to further improve the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources." On December 29, 1972, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution On Strengthening Nature Conservation and Improving the Use of Natural Resources. These regulations also apply to the protection of natural waters. They are aimed at eliminating the existing shortcomings in the matter of nature conservation by improving the planning of the national economy, increasing the responsibility of the ministries, organizations, enterprises and all citizens of our country for using the existing legislation on nature conservation and the rational, economic use of natural resources.:, The resolution provides for an integrated approach to the use of natural resources, the inclusion in the long-term and annual development plans of the national economy of scientifically sound measures for the protection of nature.

A vivid manifestation of the concern of our party and government for the scientific use of natural resources was also the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On Measures to Prevent Pollution in the Basins of the Black and Azov Seas” adopted in 1976. It is planned to implement a set of measures to ensure the complete cessation by 1985 of the discharge of untreated household and industrial waste water into the basins of the Black and Azov Seas.

In order for the rivers of our region to be full-flowing, clean, rich in fish, so that their waters can be used for water supply to settlements and irrigation of agricultural lands, so that they do not pollute the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Black Sea, a whole range of water protection measures is needed.

Taking care of the high water levels of the rivers, so that their water regime is more even, we must remember the important role of lei; ob in regulating surface runoff. On the pages of periodicals and at scientific and technical meetings devoted to the problems of water use, the question of the water-protective role of forests in the Krasnodar Territory has already been raised. There have been cases of unreasonable deforestation in the water protection zone of the rivers of the Kuban basin. Of course, such actions are unacceptable, and in the light of the latest decisions of the party and government on the protection of nature, they should not take place. At the same time, systematic production of forest plantations is required where forests in the water protection zone of river basins are sparse or absent.

The issue of the struggle for the purity of rivers remains relevant. So-called nature lovers often throw empty bottles, cans into the river, wrapping food leftovers in cellophane. Like a trifle? Are you thinking The river is big, nothing will happen. And pieces of insoluble plastic film accumulate in the river, broken bottles, rusty cans. The remains of food rot in water. But tourists travel hundreds of thousands along the rivers of our region.

But even greater harm is caused to rivers by untreated wastewater from some industrial enterprises, oil fields and sewage from settlements. So, for example, in the river. The Kuban and its tributaries discharges over 360 million m 3 of sewage per year, a significant part of which is insufficient or not treated at all. And this is about 3% of the annual flow of the Kuban. The figure, frankly, is not small and suggestive of sad thoughts.

Why is this so?

Apparently, the heads of individual departments and enterprises are sometimes not state-owned and, limiting themselves to the interests of “their own” production, striving to fulfill their “plan” at any cost, do not care about nature protection, clean water, and violate water laws. And then untreated or insufficiently purified from oil products, acids, alkalis, phenols, detergents and other substances, industrial waters enter rivers, poisoning their waters.

Wastewater has a very harmful effect on the fish population of water bodies. Under the influence of wastewater containing organic matter, there is a change in the gas regime in the reservoir. It negatively affects the life of fish and in general the inhabitants of water bodies. If the oxygen content in the water is below 6 mg / l, then this inhibits the breathing of sturgeon, salmon, whitefish species.

Wastewater containing inorganic substances clog the ponds with insoluble or malabrasive substances, such as lime, scale, gypsum, gi £ p.you are metal oxides and others. "" ""

In this case, there is a change in the chemical composition of water, its reaction. Small suspensions cause gill apparatus disease in fish and respiratory tract in lower invertebrate animals. The latter circumstance undermines the forage base of fish farming.

No less harmful is the effect of oil products entering the river or pond. First of all, they form a film on the surface of the reservoir, disrupting the process of aeration of water and creating a deficiency of oxygen. Secondly, undecomposed oil residues settle to the bottom of the reservoir, causing poisoning of the bottom fauna, and cause the fish to smell and taste of oil. This phenomenon occurs when water in the reservoirs of oil products in the amount of 0.1 mg / L. The effect of naphthenic acids on fish eggs is especially detrimental; it manifests itself already at a concentration of 1: 1 000 000.

Many steppe rivers are polluted by the wastewater of sugar factories.

Rivers in the lowlands are also contaminated with herbicides used to control weeds and pesticides used to control crop pests. These substances are toxic to the inhabitants of rivers and other bodies of water.

The Kuban River and other steppes, rivers of our region carry all these harmful substances into the estuaries, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Black Sea, polluting them and adversely affecting the ichthyofauna.

Currently, much has already been done in the Krasnodar Territory to eliminate the causes of pollution of rivers and other bodies of water by sewage and domestic and industrial waters. New treatment facilities have already been built and are under construction in cities and at industrial enterprises, for example, in Krasnodar, Maykop, Sochi, Kropotkin, Tikhoretsk, UetLabinsk; Aiinsk, Gelendzhik and other settlements. In the 9th Five-Year Plan, over "" million rubles were allocated for these needs.

Vladimir Ivanovich Borisov

Ecological Watch in the North Caucasus begins a campaign for the protection of wetlands (WBU) of international importance “Kuban Delta”, the territory of which over the past 10-15 years has turned into a training ground for the illegal activities of oilmen, gas workers, sand and shell rock robbers, poachers of all stripes and varieties.

VBU "Kuban Delta" is a vast territory between the Kuban and Protoka rivers and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, which is a swampy lowland, a dense network of shallow lakes, fresh and salty estuaries, channels, channels.

The western boundary of the wetland lies in the open sea at a distance of 500 meters from the coast. The total land area is 173 thousand hectares. Since 1994, the Kuban Delta has been protected by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention).

An extensive and extensive network of reservoirs in the Kuban Delta creates favorable conditions for waterfowl and near-water birds. Every year, up to 3-4 million birds fly through the territory of the delta, wintering for the Black Sea basin, the south of Western Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Africa from the European part of Russia, Western Siberia and other regions.

Of the number of bird species constantly living in the Kuban delta, 18 are listed in the Red Books of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Russian Federation and the Krasnodar Territory. 65 species of fish inhabit the delta ponds. Of these, 8 species are rare and endangered. Rare aquatic invertebrates number 20 species. In general, the delta part of the Kuban River exceeds the Volga delta in terms of biodiversity and the number of rare species of flora and fauna, however, unlike the latter, it has virtually no actual protection. The Priazovsky state nature reserve created in the 60s (which received federal status in the 90s) does not protect ecosystems formally under its protection. Giving in 1994 a group of estuaries between the Kuban river and the Protoka river, as well as the Akhtarsko-Grivensky estuary system of the status of a wetland of international importance “Kuban Delta” also did not change the critical situation. Almost two decades have passed since then, but Russia, as a party to the Ramsar Convention, has not taken effective steps to ensure the protection of this territory, namely: - no legislative restrictions have been introduced on those types of economic activities that pose a threat to the ecosystems of the WBU ; - a comprehensive plan for the protection and sustainable development of the WBU territory has not been developed (many Ramsar wetlands have similar plans, including in our country); - no measures have been taken to restore the protection regime of the Priazovsky reserve, no new specially protected natural areas have been created that would ensure the preservation of the wetlands; - no permanent monitoring of the condition of the land has been established, no control is being exercised over land users and the level of water pollution.

According to the Ecological Watch for the North Caucasus, the deplorable result was not long in coming. The onset of gas and oil industry workers on the Ramsar lands is a flagrant manifestation of the attitude of the Russian authorities towards the international obligations of our country.

According to environmentalists, Gazprom is producing gas and gas condensate directly on the territory of the Priazovsky reserve, which is prohibited by the regulation on this reserve. So the most famous environmental disaster that occurred in 2004, when a gas well accident occurred on the territory of wetlands and the Priazovsky reserve near the Prorvensky farm in the Slavyansk region. As a result of this accident, a massive release of hydrocarbons from this well into the environment took place over two weeks, vast areas of the flooded area were covered with gas condensate foam, huge damage was caused to the health of local residents, whom the authorities had to evacuate several times from the accident zone.

The activities of Rosneft in the Kuban Delta are limited so far to the southern part of this territory in the Temryuk region, but the company plans to further expand oil production, including to the territory of the Slavyansk region.

Rosneft has already drilled several wells north of the Kurchansky estuary, the damage from which, according to environmentalists, is visible even to the naked eye: birds avoid this area due to the loud noise from the flaring of associated gas.

However, the lawlessness of gas and oil industry workers is just one layer of problems. The lower reaches of the Kuban and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov have long turned into a place of large-scale illegal extraction of inert materials and biological resources. The damage from poaching of all varieties amounts to hundreds of billions of rubles.

The populations of sturgeon, pikeperch, ram, sabrefish were almost completely destroyed on Azov and in coastal reservoirs, and predatory catch of crustaceans.

Naturally, all this cannot happen without the "roof" of law enforcement agencies and local authorities. A huge problem that the Kuban authorities completely turn a blind eye to is the violation of the hydrological regime and excessive regulation of rivers and channels, the construction of illegal dams, the organization of solid waste dumps in water protection zones, and the pollution of runoff with pesticides and fertilizers from rice systems.

If urgent measures are not taken to save the Azov floodplains, then after 5-10 years there will be nothing to save.

The campaign, organized by the Ecological Watch in the North Caucasus, is part of the international environmental project “Preservation of Coastal Wetlands in Russia and the USA, Exchange of Experience in the Sustainable Development of These Territories”, which EcoWatch, with the support of the Eurasia Foundation, is implementing jointly with an American non-governmental organization Crude Accountability.

In addition to the campaign in defense of the Kuban Delta WBU, the project involves the implementation of environmental initiatives to protect wetlands on the Atlantic coast in the US state of North Carolina.

The international challenge of keeping the Kuban Delta is aimed at encouraging the Russian authorities to fulfill the commitments it made at the signing and ratification of the Ramsar Convention, and will be another test of what its representatives say from all the stands saying they are committed to a green economy and sustainable development, and in fact, actively lobbying for various environmentally disadvantageous projects leading to the destruction of unique ecosystems in various regions of Russia.

Dmitry SHEVCHENKO (Environmental Watch in the North Caucasus)

I would like to talk about such a beautiful natural water stream as the Kuban River. Description, photo and detailed description - this is exactly the information that you will find in the article.

The beauty of this region is known far beyond the borders of Russia. Here in Soviet times, a huge number of world-famous films were shot. The reason is the picturesque landscapes that are located along the entire coastline. Being in these places, people experience peace of mind and are charged with positive energy.

Geographical position

In the south of Russia, one of the country's largest water flows spreads - the Kuban River. On the map it can be found without much difficulty. Geographically, it is located in the northern part of the Caucasus Mountains. Starting its movement from the Karachay-Cherkess region, the river flows through the territory of three regions: Stavropol, Adygea and Krasnodar.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe watercourse basin is almost 58,000 km². When the Kuban River (see description below) reaches the shores of Azov, it creates the largest delta in Russia. Its area is more than four thousand square meters.

Kuban River: a description of the delta

The Kuban delta is wide, often with wetlands. But meanwhile, it is unique in its own way. The fact is that in the south, the delta goes not only to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, but also to the Black Sea. Numerous estuaries and lakes, islets, meadows, channels with overgrown reeds, reeds are located in the delta. Locals know that where the Kuban River is, you can always meet unique representatives of flora and fauna that amaze with their diversity.

Where the modern delta is located several thousand years ago, the largest Azov Bay was located. However, as a result of the activity of the waters of Azov and Kuban, a rash gradually formed in this place. The bay, as such, was dry, forming a shallow lagoon. And the Kuban river (on the map of that time it is clearly visible) previously flowed into the water stream, which was called Old Kuban. It was he who carried water to the Black Sea basin. However, as a result of landslides (in order to protect the nearby territories from floods), the flow was blocked. And now most of the water falls only into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.

The source of the Kuban River: features

The Kuban begins its “life” in the place where two mountain streams - Uchkulan and Ullukai - come together. The latter is often considered a continuation of the Kuban. The glaciers located at the top of Elbrus feed a stream with their meltwater. In this place, it is distinguished by a strong and rapid current. The source of the Kuban River is located at an altitude of almost 1400 m above sea level.

It is worth paying attention to one feature. Many believe that it was from her that the name of the stream went. Modern sounding is rooted in and literally means “seething stream”.

Hydronym

The name Kuban is far from the only one by the river. She has about 300 of them! Other local names for the river are Kyoban, Guban, Kyobhan and others. In ancient Greek chronicles, the name was listed as Hypanis.

Features of the water stream

The river Kuban is very interesting in terms of zoning. The description of its flow pattern is quite diverse. For its length, the river is considered navigable, therefore it is favorably used for agricultural purposes. A high fall of the stream, more than 1,000 m, allows you to divide it into 4 zones: alpine, mountain, piedmont and plain. Reaching the Krasnodar Territory, near the city of Ust-Labinsk, the Kuban has a shipping route. The main Verbensky Girlo flows into the Temryuk Bay. Another - Cossack Eric has access to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. From this we can conclude that the Kuban River belongs to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean.

In high mountainous areas, the stream has a deep bottom and steep, steep slopes. The latter are represented by sandstones, shale, and limestone clusters. Descending to the lower reaches, the shores become low and more gentle. Sometimes there are low hills. The channel coils more and more often, closer to the delta, forming peculiar “horseshoes” - old women.

Tributaries

Kuban is quite full-flowing, the total number of tributaries (small and large) reaches 14 thousand. The largest rivers flow into it mainly from the left bank.

The largest of them:

• mountain river Urup.
• r. Laba is the deepest tributary.
• r. Belaya is a watercourse with the most powerful stream; it has several waterfalls on its way.
• r. Pszish and Psekups - are distinguished by a fast flow.
• Covers and Afips.

Gorkaya and Dzheguta adjoin the right banks of the Kuban. The total length of the Kuban with its tributaries is 9,500 km.

Water Consumption and Type of Nutrition

The average annual flow of the Kuban into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is 14 cubic meters. km In addition, the stream carries more than 4 million tons of salts to the sea. Food in the Kuban is mixed - most of it, about 65%, is snow and rain, about 20% is glaciers and 15% is groundwater.

The runoff is uneven. Seasonality affects. At different times of the year throughout the territory, runoff indicators can be very different from each other. Kuban also has a certain “anomaly”. At different times, the river can carry water 1.5 times more than the average annual rate.

In the cold season, the Kuban freezes, but the ice cover of the river is unstable. It lasts from December to March, after which the icebreaker begins.

Kuban reservoir

The largest reservoir of the North Caucasus is located on the Kuban River and is called, accordingly, the Kuban. Previously, Tshikskoye existed near it, but it was flooded several years ago. Now the pond is remarkable only as a place for fishing.

The Kuban stream is also used to generate electricity. It was built 4 hydroelectric power stations - Kursavskaya, Barsuchkovskaya, Sengileevskaya and Zelenchukskaya. Together they form the so-called "Kuban cascade." The plans included the construction of the Adygea hydroelectric station, but in recent years the work has been suspended.

Flora and fauna

Flora and fauna of the river are quite diverse. More than a hundred species of fish live in the waters. This is pike perch, silver carp, ram, common carp, bream, catfish, goby, perch, rudd and others. Sea fish also swim in the lowlands of the river. Some of the species are characteristic only for these areas. Plankton is represented by mollusks, worms, crustaceans and other species.

On the waters of the stream there are many such as wild geese and ducks, pelicans, herons, swans, as well as small birds. Rare predatory animals of the Kuban River live in the coastal zone. Their bright representative is a gray peregrine falcon. In the meadows, foxes, wild cats, wild boars, muskrats live.

The river delta is now a little drained by man for the needs of agriculture. It also provides an opportunity to engage in fish farming. In one of these arms, a mullet breeding farm is developing quite successfully.

For tourism, the river is practically not used. Unless in the mountains often carry out rafting on ships or rifts. But fishing is common on both banks in almost all areas.

Plants of the Kuban River are represented by the following species: reed, mangrove, sedge, etc. They are distributed mainly in the coastline. The surface of the water stream in some places is strewn with water lilies, at the bottom you can meet different types of algae. Such thickets have grown on 40-50 thousand hectares.

Despite the long and intensive economic development, the river still maintains a satisfactory ability to cleanse itself. A huge role in this process is played by floodplain meadows, numerous floodplain lakes, channel backwaters and swamps. Good preservation of aquatic phytocenoses ensures stable purity and transparency of water. At the same time, the river undergoes such anthropogenic impact in some sections that its effects are felt for many tens of kilometers. The intensive use of the river and many floodplain lakes for recreational purposes, the removal of sewage collectors into lakes and outflows, and the installation of livestock summer camps on the shore can cause irreparable damage to the river system, after which the process of self-purification of water will be minimized and even completely stopped.

Corresponding measures are taken to protect the river from depletion and pollution: water protection zones and coastal strips are designated, modern treatment facilities are mainly built in large industrial centers using advanced wastewater treatment methods, discharges of untreated wastewater are reduced, methods for utilizing wastewater from cattle-breeding complexes and t are improved etc. However, until the end the problem of the complete cessation of untreated sewage into the river has not yet been solved.

Through the efforts of three regions (Tambov, Lipetsk and Voronezh) in the river valley, over 40 natural objects are protected in the regime of natural monuments. Half of them are floodplain lakes, the protection of which is given special attention in the territory of the Lipetsk region.

A significant part of the valley-river landscapes is protected in the reserve regime. Since 1976, floodplain-riverbed landscapes at a distance of 1 km to the right and left of the river from the village. Kryvets to with. Good are part of the Dobrovsky landscape reserve with an area of \u200b\u200b12.3 thousand hectares.

From the mouth of the river. Matyra to the southern borders of the Lipetsk region, valley-river landscapes are protected in the regime of zoological reserves. Their total area is 52 thousand ha. They include Lipetsk (20.0 thousand ha), Yamansky (13.5 thousand ha), Kolodetsky (10.0 thousand ha) and Pervomaisky (8.5 thousand ha) nature reserves. In total, 63.4 thousand hectares of mainly floodplain-riverbed, terrace-pine forest, and sub-riverine landscapes are protected in the regime of sanctuaries within the Lipetsk Region in the river valley.

Since 1975, within the boundaries of the Voronezh region, in the regime of a natural monument, the river bed has been protected. to s. Chertovitskoe. In recent years, due to the concentration of various waterfowl, rare fauna of the water-coastal complex, the upper reaches of the Voronezh reservoir are also declared a zoological reserve.