What happened in the late 1970s. Thematic test for preparation for the Unified State Exam "Brezhnev L.I"

1. Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to the events and phenomena that took place in the USSR during the period of “perestroika”.

1)putsch; 2)The State Duma; 3)President of Russia; 4)Declaration
on state sovereignty; 5)budget deficit.

Which of the following was part of the reform of the political system carried out during the years of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) development of a new Constitution of the USSR
• 2) introduction of the post of President of the USSR
• 3) creation of the State Duma
• 4) establishment of the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

· Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

· Higher educational institutions of Russia (RSFSR) in 1980–1992.

· (at the beginning of the school year)

· BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

· A) The average number of students in universities was the largest

· B) The average number of students in universities was the smallest

· B) In the early 1990s.

· OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

· 1) in the 1980/81 academic year

· 2) in the 1990/91 academic year

· 3) in the 1992/93 academic year

· 4) the rate of annual decline in the total number of students was higher than in the 1980s.

· 5) the rate of annual decline in the total number of students was lower than in the 1980s.

3. Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan when the leader of the USSR was

• 1)I.V. Stalin
• 2) N.S. Khrushchev
• 3) L.I. Brezhnev
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

4. The concept of “new political thinking” was put forward by

• 1) V.I. Lenin
• 2)I.V. Stalin
• 3) N.S. Khrushchev
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

6. Establish a correspondence between the events and the years in which they occurred: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

A) withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan

B) the beginning of “perestroika”

B) speech of the State Emergency Committee

Which of the following happened in the late 1970s?

• 1) the introduction of a limited contingent of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
• 2) Soviet-Chinese border conflict on the island. Damansky
• 3) dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization

8. Read an excerpt from the speech of the US President and indicate the leader of the USSR whose name is missing in the excerpt.

“We hear from Moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. Some political prisoners were released. Certain foreign radio news broadcasts are no longer jammed. Some economic enterprises were allowed to operate with greater freedom from government control.

Is this the beginning of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are these symbolic gestures meant to raise false hopes in the West and strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? ...There is one move that the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would become a symbol of freedom and peace.

Secretary General, if you are looking for peace, if you are looking for prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you are looking for liberalization: come here! Sir, open these gates! Master, break down this wall."

• 1) N.S. Khrushchev
• 2) L.I. Brezhnev
• 3) Yu.V. Andropov
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

9. In what year did the elections of the President of the RSFSR take place?

• 1)1985
• 2) 1989
• 3) 1991
• 4) 1993

10.Creativity is associated with the famous Taganka Theater

• 1) O.N. Efremova and G.A. Tovstonogov
• 2)Yu.P. Lyubimov and V.S. Vysotsky
• 3) A.I. Raikin and S.V. Obraztsova
• 4) M.L. Rostropovich and G.P. Vishnevskaya

11.Write down the term in question.

“The name of an armed rebellion or coup d'état.
In modern usage, this term sounds with a pronounced negative connotation. This is how the political events of August 1991, associated with the attempt to remove M.S., are usually called. Gorbachev from the post of President of the USSR and the change in his course undertaken by the State Emergency Committee.”

12. Establish a correspondence between the concepts and the leaders of the country during whose period in power these concepts appeared: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

A) publicity

B) "iron curtain"

B) “thaw”

COUNTRY LEADERS

1)I.V. Stalin

2) N.S. Khrushchev

3) M.S. Gorbachev

4) B.N. Yeltsin

13.Compare the features of the socio-political development of the USSR in the period 1953–1964. and in the period 1985–1991. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarities in the first column, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second.

• 1)activity of opposition political parties in the country
• 2) publication of literary works about the life of Gulag prisoners
• 3) creation of new highest representative bodies of state power
• 4) according to the current Constitutions of the USSR, it was a socialist country

FEATURES OF SIMILARITY

DIFFERENCES

14.Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the year when the events described occurred.

“Volodya Vysotsky died.<…>

I met him, I remember, while visiting, on Pushkinskaya Street, in a small old apartment. I heard him there for the first time. There were about 5-6 of us... It seems that D. Samoilov was there too. What struck me then was the ability of talent to penetrate the soul of another, my generation. Capture the essence of not your time.

The funeral turned into mass mourning in the city - in the midst of the Olympics. The line to say goodbye stood from the night from the Taganka Theater to the bridge, along the embankment to the Rossiya Hotel. They took him to the Vagankovskoye cemetery through the crowd. “The “order” was led by General Trushin himself, the chief policeman of the capital, fortunately there are now 34 thousand policemen in Moscow from all over the Union.”

• 1)1970
• 2) 1977
• 3) 1980
• 4) 1985

15.Look at the image and complete the task.

• 1)1957
• 2) 1961
• 3) 1980
• 4) 1985

16.Place the following events in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

• 1) accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
• 2)XIX All-Union Party Conference
• 3) opening of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
• 4) election of M.S. Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

17.Place the following events in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

• 1) the beginning of the Presidential Decree “On measures to liberalize prices”
• 2) adoption of the Law “On Individual Labor Activity”
• 3) the beginning of the development of virgin lands
• 4) the beginning of regular grain purchases abroad

18. During the years when L.I. was the leader of the USSR. Brezhnev,

• 1) mass development of virgin lands began
• 2) troops of countries participating in the Warsaw Pact Organization were brought into Czechoslovakia
• 3) Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan
• 4) the post of President of the USSR was established

19. Read an excerpt from the televised address of the President of the Russian Federation to citizens of Russia and indicate the year when it was made.

“Entrusted with the power received in the national elections and the trust confirmed by the citizens of Russia in the referendum, I approved by my Decree changes and additions to the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. They concern mainly the federal legislative and executive authorities and relationships based on the principle of separation of powers. The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, a bicameral parliament working on a professional basis, becomes the highest legislative body. Elections are scheduled for December 11-12 this year. Let me emphasize: not early elections of the Congress and the Supreme Council.

A completely new supreme body of legislative power in Russia is being created.

Any actions aimed at disrupting the elections are considered illegal. Persons who allow them will be prosecuted on the basis of the Criminal Code of Russia.”

• 1)1991
• 2) 1993
• 3) 1996
• 4) 1998

20. The policy of glasnost in the USSR in the second half of the 1980s. characterized

• 1)strengthening the role of the CPSU in the work of creative unions
• 2) focus on creating a positive image of the ruling party in the eyes of the population
• 3)strengthening ideological control in all spheres of society
• 4) a greater degree of media freedom and the active inclusion of society in the discussion of the country’s development problems

21. Which of the following events refers to 1985?

• 1) introduction of the post of President of the USSR
• 2) the beginning of the policy of “perestroika”
• 3) collapse of the USSR
• 4) adoption of the Constitution of the USSR

22. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the year in question.

“The paradox of the year was that, in contrast to the collapse of the state, it was he who brought the world-historical fruits of Gorbachev’s foreign policy: troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, the expansionist component was turned off forever from the international activities of the USSR, the Berlin Wall fell and the reunification of Germany began, a meeting took place in Malta, signifying the end of the Cold War, the exodus from the “socialist commonwealth” of the countries of Eastern Europe and the liquidation of “communist” regimes there began - as a result of Gorbachev’s refusal to use violent methods of its preservation.”

• 1)1985
• 2) 1989
• 3) 1991
• 4) 1993

23.You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Economic reforms in the USSR during the period of perestroika.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic “Economic reforms in the USSR during the period of perestroika.”

24.Which of the following events happened earlier than the others?

• 1) Caribbean crisis
• 2) entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
• 3) creation of CMEA
• 4) signing of the SALT-1 agreement

You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The formation of modern Russian statehood (1991–1993).” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic “The formation of modern Russian statehood (1991–1993).”

If you find it difficult to draw up a plan that would fully cover this topic, you can choose one of the essential issues (sections, directions, problems) of the topic.

25. Arrange the abbreviations denoting the names of international organizations in the chronological order of their creation. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

• 1) CIS
• 2) ATS
• 3) UN
• 4)NATO

26. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The policy of glasnost during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the policy of glasnost during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR.

27.Write down the last name missing in the diagram.

28. Read an excerpt from the speech of the leader of the USSR at a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and indicate the year when this meeting took place.

“I fought with you against the anti-party group. I appreciate your honesty... I tried not to have two posts, but you gave me these two posts! ...Leaving the stage, I repeat: I am not going to fight with you... I am now worried and happy, because the period has come when members of the Presidium of the Central Committee began to control the activities of the First Secretary of the Central Committee and speak in a full voice... Today's meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee is a victory for the party... I thank you for giving me the opportunity to resign. Please write a statement for me, and I will sign it. I am ready to do everything in the name of the interests of the party... I thought that perhaps you would consider it possible to establish some kind of honorary post. But I'm not asking you to do this. Where should I live, decide for yourself. I am ready, if necessary, to go anywhere. Thank you again for your criticism, for working together over a number of years and for your willingness to give me the opportunity to resign."

• 1)1957
• 2) 1964
• 3) 1985
• 4) 1991

29. There is a point of view that, despite certain similarities, some features of the socio-political life of the USSR during the “thaw” and “perestroika” periods differed significantly. Give at least two facts and provisions confirming this difference.

30. Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

Number of doctors of all specialties (per 10 thousand inhabitants)

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) The number of doctors for every 10 thousand inhabitants in all years presented in the table was highest in B) In 1970 C) In 1950 the lowest number of doctors for every 10 thousand inhabitants was recorded in

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

2) Bulgaria

3) the number of doctors for every 10 thousand inhabitants in Bulgaria exceeded the same figure in Hungary

4) Hungary

5) the number of doctors for every 10 thousand inhabitants in Bulgaria exceeded the same figure for this country in 1950 by 3 times

31. Which of the following events refers to 1985?

• 1) the beginning of exposing the cult of personality of J.V. Stalin
• 2) proclamation of a course to accelerate socio-economic development
• 3)education of the CIS
• 4) adoption of the Constitution of the USSR

32. Read an excerpt from a speech by a statesman and indicate the city in question.

“Mr. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you are looking for peace, if you are looking for prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you are looking for liberalization, come here to these gates, Mr. Gorbachev, open these gates. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

• 1)Prague
• 2) Berlin
• 3)Budapest
• 4) Warsaw

33. Establish a correspondence between the events and the leaders of the state during whose periods of leadership these events took place: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

A) Caribbean crisis

B) Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe

C) dissolution of the Department of Internal Affairs and CMEA

STATE LEADERS

1) B.N. Yeltsin

2) N.S. Khrushchev

3) L.I.Brezhnev

4) M.S. Gorbachev

Indicate the year this stamp was issued.

• 1)1922
• 2) 1924
• 3) 1936
• 4) 1977

36.Write down the missing word.

According to the Law on Labor Activity, adopted in 1986, this activity could be carried out by citizens with the participation of family members living with them (spouse, parents and other relatives and dependents over 16 years of age) and bring additional income to its participants in accordance with the costs of your labor.

On February 37.4, mass rallies were held in Moscow, in which more than 200 thousand people participated, demanding changes to the Constitution of the USSR. This change was soon made.

1. Indicate the year these events occurred.

2. Name the leader of the USSR during this period.

3. What change in the Constitution of the USSR are we talking about?

38. Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to events and phenomena in the history of Russia in 1991–2000.

1)priority national projects; 2)"Big Eight"; 3) privatization; 4)Federal Treaty; 5)default

39.Which of the listed countries were members of the CMEA in the period 1949–1991? Find two countries in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are listed.

• 1)Hungary
• 2) Austria
• 3) China
• 4) Belgium
• 5) Poland

40. The concept of "new political thinking" was put forward

• 1) N.S. Khrushchev
• 2) L.I. Brezhnev
• 3) Yu.V. Andropov
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

41The emergence of a multi-party system in the USSR dates back to the period when the country was led by

• 1) L.I. Brezhnev
• 2) M.S. Gorbachev
• 3) N.S. Khrushchev
• 4)I.V. Stalin

42.Which of the following events occurred in the second half of the 1980s?

• 2) settlement of the Caribbean crisis
• 3) signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
• 4) construction of the Berlin Wall

43.Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

National income growth (percentage to 1970)

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) The growth rate of national income was highest in

B) The growth rate of national income was the lowest in

C) National income of the USSR for the period 1950 - 1985. increased

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

2) less than 10 times

3) more than 10 times

4) Hungary

5) Bulgaria

44. Write down the last name missing in the diagram.

45. Write down the term in question.

“A form of direct expression of the will of citizens, expressed in voting on the most significant issues. It was carried out once in the USSR - in 1991.”

46.Which of the following refers to the events of the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) economic reform A.N. Kosygina
• 2) price liberalization
• 3) establishment of the post of President of the USSR
• 4) creation of the State Duma

47. There is a point of view that, despite significant differences, some features of the USSR’s foreign policy in the periods 1953–1964. and 1985–1991 were similar. Give at least two facts and provisions confirming this similarity.

48.Which of the following events happened earlier than the others?

• 1)election of M.S. Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
• 2) formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
• 3)issuance of a decree on price liberalization
• 4) the entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Czechoslovakia

49.Which of the following documents was adopted in the USSR during the years of “perestroika”?

• 1) Resolution of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””
• 2) Law “On individual labor activity”
• 3) resolution “On the development of virgin and fallow lands”
• 4) Law “On the creation of economic councils”

50. Read an excerpt from an interview with the leader of the USSR and identify this leader.

“I received a call at 5 a.m. on April 26 and was told that a serious accident and fire had occurred, but that the reactor was intact.

The fact is that in the first hours and even in the first days after the accident there was no understanding that the reactor had exploded and that there had been a gigantic nuclear release into the atmosphere.

Already on April 27, an exemplary operation was carried out: in 3 hours the entire population of Pripyat was evacuated - 47 thousand people. And in the first days of May, all the people living in a 30 km zone around the station were evacuated - 116 thousand people, dozens of settlements.

I think I was informed as truthfully as possible, it’s just that at first even the best specialists did not sincerely realize the seriousness of the disaster.”

• 1) N.S. Khrushchev
• 2) M.S. Gorbachev
• 3) L.I. Brezhnev
• 4) Yu.V. Andropov

51. Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to the events and phenomena that took place in the USSR during the period of “perestroika”.

1)"parade of sovereignties";2)"popular fronts";3)voucher privatization;4)The Supreme Council;5)acceleration of the country's socio-economic development.

Find and write down the serial number of the name (term) that “falls out” of this series.

52.Which of the listed events and phenomena at the turn of the 1980s–1990s? called the “parade of sovereignties”?

• 2) resignation of M.S. Gorbachev and the collapse of the USSR
• 3)discussion of the new Union Treaty
• 4) declaration of independence by the republics from the union center

53. Establish a correspondence between the concepts and the periods of their appearance:
For each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

A) “thaw”

B) “developed socialism”

B) “perestroika”

PERIODS OF APPEARANCE

1) mid-1950s

2) mid-1960s.

3)early 1970s.

4) mid-1980s.

53. Signed the application for termination of the Union Treaty of 1922 on behalf of Russia

• 1) M.S. Gorbachev
• 2)B.N. Yeltsin
• 3) E.T. Gaidar
• 4) V.S. Chernomyrdin

54. Which of the listed phenomena characterized socio-political life in the USSR during the period of “perestroika”?

• 1) fight against dissent
• 2) pluralism of opinions
• 3) monopoly power of the CPSU
• 4) cessation of criticism of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin

55. Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to the events and phenomena that took place in the USSR during the period of “perestroika”.

1)multi-party system; 2)Union Treaty; 3)“500 days” program; 4) State Enterprise Law; 5)monetization of benefits.

56. Place the following events in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

• 1) construction of the Berlin Wall
• 2) the beginning of the Korean War
• 3) entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
• 4) Nuremberg trials

57. Indicate a characteristic feature of the “acceleration” policy proclaimed by M.S. Gorbachev in the mid-1980s.

• 1) liquidation of machine and tractor stations and transfer of equipment to collective farms
• 2) liquidation of economic councils and restoration of line ministries
• 3) approval of the course to accelerate scientific and technological progress
• 4) curtailment of voucher privatization

Which of the following appeared during the years of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) Law “On individual labor activity”
• 2) Resolution of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””
• 3) article “Dizziness from success”, written by the leader of the country
• 4) resolution “On the film “Big Life””

59.The Chernobyl accident occurred when the leader of the USSR was

• 1) N.S. Khrushchev
• 2) L.I. Brezhnev
• 3) Yu.V. Andropov
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

60. In what year was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia adopted?

• 1)1980
• 2) 1990
• 3) 1993
• 4) 1995

61.Place the following events in chronological order. Provide your answer as a sequence of numbers for the selected elements.

• 1)withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
• 2) disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
• 3) election of B.N. Yeltsin President of the RSFSR
• 4) speech of the State Emergency Committee

62. Which of the following persons held the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
in 1982–1984?

• 1) N.S. Khrushchev
• 2) L.I. Brezhnev
• 3) Yu.V. Andropov
• 4)K.U. Chernenko

63. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a statesman and indicate the year in question.

“In the political sphere itself, [this] year was marked, naturally, by personnel changes, mainly in the upper echelon. Gorbachev removed some figures (alas! Not immediately and not all of them!). But he did this not because they were not ready to serve the new “first”, especially not for some ideological reasons, but because of their mediocrity, incompetence, ignorance, “accident” in their high positions (products of Brezhnev’s nepotism, Chernenko) or due to the fact that they blatantly discredited themselves in their positions, causing well-deserved disgust in their environment and in society.”

• 1)1980
• 2) 1982
• 3) 1985
• 4) 1990

64. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the year when the events described took place.

“On the evening of December 25, Wednesday, I made an appeal on television to my fellow citizens and announced that I was leaving the post of President of the USSR. By the way, only two newspapers published it in full. This is the appeal. "Dear compatriots! Fellow citizens! Due to the current situation
with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, I cease my activities as President of the USSR. I make this decision for reasons of principle.

I firmly stood for independence, independence of peoples, for the sovereignty of republics. But at the same time, for the preservation of the union state, the integrity of the country.

Events took a different path. The prevailing line was to dismember the country and disunite the state, with which I cannot agree."

• 1)1985
• 2) 1991
• 3) 1996
• 4) 1999

65.Write down the term in question.

“The political course of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev, proclaimed in 1985 at the April plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, aimed at increasing the pace of social and economic development of the USSR.”

66.Which of the following events occurred later than the others?

• 1) formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
• 2) speech of the State Committee on the State of Emergency
• 3) adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
• 4) introduction of the post of President of the USSR

67.Which of the following applies to the economic transformations of the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) nationalization of large industry
• 2) nationalization of banks
• 3) consolidation of collective and state farms
• 4) support for the development of the cooperative movement

68. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the history of the USSR in the period 1985–1991.

1)" perestroika";2) default;3)publicity;4)farming;5)" acceleration».

69. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Relations of the USSR with the countries of the socialist bloc during the Cold War.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic “Relations of the USSR with the countries of the socialist bloc during the Cold War.”

70.Look at the diagram and complete the task.

Indicate the number that indicates the city where the coup took place, as a result of which A.V. Kolchak was proclaimed the Supreme Ruler of Russia.

71.Which of the listed events are related to the activities of M.S. Gorbachev? Find two events in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are listed.

• 1) construction of the Berlin Wall
• 2) suppression of the uprising in Hungary by Soviet troops
• 3) proclamation of the concept of “new political thinking”
• 5)unification of Germany

72. In what year did M.S. Did Gorbachev leave the post of President of the USSR?

• 1)1982
• 2) 1985
• 3) 1991
• 4) 1993

73.Write down the last name missing in the diagram.

74. Which of the following was included in the course to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country, carried out during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) transition to a market economy
• 2) price liberalization
• 3) development of scientific and technological progress
• 4)implementation of privatization of state property

75.Which of the listed regulations was adopted in the USSR during the years of “perestroika”?

• 1) resolution “On the development of virgin and fallow lands”
• 2) resolution “On measures to combat cosmopolitanism”
• 3) Law “On individual labor activity”
• 4) Law “On the transformation of the Council of People’s Commissars into the Council of Ministers of the USSR”

76.Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

Foreign trade turnover of the USSR with some capitalist countries (million rubles)

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) The USSR had the largest foreign trade turnover from the countries presented in the table with

B) Foreign trade turnover with all countries presented in the table, compared with previous years indicated in the table,

C) The USSR had the smallest foreign trade turnover of the countries presented in the table with

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

2) did not always increase

4) only increased

5) France

77. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred during

• 1) the last years of the leadership of the country I.V. Stalin
• 2) “thaw”
• 3) “stagnation”
• 4) “perestroika”

78.In which of these periods did the concept of “new political thinking” appear?

• 1)1964–1982
• 2)1985–1991
• 3)1991–2000
• 4)2000–2008

79.Which of the following belonged to the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1)signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
• 2) voucher privatization of state property
• 3) division of regional committees of the CPSU into industrial and rural
• 4) convening of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR

80. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate the year in which the document was made public.

"The First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR,

– aware of the historical responsibility for the fate of Russia,

– demonstrating respect for the sovereign rights of all peoples included in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

– expressing the will of the peoples of the RSFSR,

solemnly proclaims the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic throughout its entire territory and declares its determination to create a democratic rule of law state within the renewed USSR"

• 1)1987
• 2) 1990
• 3) 1993
• 4) 1996

81. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Reform of the political system in the USSR during the period of “perestroika” (1985–1991).” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic “Reform of the political system in the USSR during the period of perestroika.”

82.Write down the last name missing in the diagram.

83. Read an excerpt from the statement of the leader of the country and indicate the year when this statement was made.

“The leaders of Belarus, the RSFSR and Ukraine entered into an agreement
on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. For me, as the President of the country, the main criterion for assessing this document is the extent to which it meets the interests of citizens. …The agreement directly declares the termination of the existence of the USSR.”

• 1)1986
• 2) 1988
• 3) 1991
• 4) 1993

84.Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

World production of selected types of industrial and agricultural products

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) In the period 1960–1970. production increased the most in percentage terms

B) This table

B) During the period 1970–1980. production increased the least in percentage terms

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

2) allows us to conclude that the United States has superiority over other countries in electricity production in 1980.

3)electricity

4) does not allow us to conclude that the United States was superior to other countries in electricity production in 1980.

85. Which of the following events occurred in the 1990s?

• 1) withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan
• 2) accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
• 3) formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
• 4) creation of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation

86. Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to events and phenomena in the history of Russia in 1991–2000.

1)Council of Europe; 2)referendum; 3)loans-for-shares auctions; 4)Nuremberg trials; 5)devaluation of the ruble.

Find and write down the serial number of the name (term) that “falls out” of this series.

87. Read an excerpt from an essay by a modern historian and indicate the time period to which the events described relate.

“As a result of numerous meetings between the leadership of the USSR and US Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, it was possible to agree on a real reduction in nuclear weapons: entire classes of medium- and short-range missiles began to be destroyed, and then some of their strategic types. For the first time in many decades, the specter of nuclear war that hung over the world began to weaken.

A major step in improving international relations was the decision of the Soviet leadership to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, whose involvement in the civil war was condemned by most countries of the world.”

• 1)early 1970s
• 2) second half of the 1970s.
• 3) first half of the 1980s.
• 4) late 1980s.

88. Write down the missing phrase.

In May 1989, the First Congress of the USSR began its work in Moscow.

89. Write down the missing word.

August 5, 2013 marked 50 years since the signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Space and Under Water.

90.Write down the missing word.

August 5, 2013 marked 50 years since the signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, etc.

91.Read an excerpt from the speech of the head of state and indicate his last name.

“But I’ll tell you: we all made three more mistakes. We were late in reforming the party. Secondly, we are late in reforming the Union. And third... When things got tight here... when the whole country was in queues and we didn’t have enough goods to satisfy these requests, when we could get broken in line for Italian shoes... We had to find 10-15 billion dollars. They could be found..."

• 1)I.V. Stalin
• 2) N.S. Khrushchev
• 3) L.I. Brezhnev
• 4) M.S. Gorbachev

92.Which of the listed events, phenomena in the late 1980s - early 1990s. called the “parade of sovereignties”?

• 1) signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement by the leaders of the three Soviet republics
• 2) signing of a new Federative Treaty
• 3)declaration of independence by the republics from the union center
• 4) resignation of M.S. Gorbachev and the collapse of the USSR

93.Which of the following terms became widespread during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1)default
• 2) publicity
• 3) price liberalization
• 4) privatization

93.1 Below is a list of names and terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are directly related to events and phenomena in the history of Russia in 1991–2000.

· 1) Council of Europe; 2)referendum; 3)loans-for-shares auctions; 4)Nuremberg trials; 5)devaluation of the ruble.

· Find and write down the serial number of the name (term) that “falls out” of this series.

94. The Belovezhskaya Agreement on the termination of the USSR and the formation of the CIS was signed by the leaders

• 1) Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
• 2) Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine
• 3) all republics of the former USSR
• 4) all republics of the former USSR, except the Baltic ones

95. Which of the following happened during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 4)the first visit of the leader of the USSR to the USA

96.The policy of glasnost in the USSR in the second half of the 1980s. characterized

• 1) strengthening the state’s ideological control over the activities of the media
• 2) focus on creating a positive image of the ruling party among the population
• 3) the beginning of criticism of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin
• 4)increasing media freedom and active inclusion of society in the discussion of the country’s development problems

97.You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Foreign policy of the USSR during the period of perestroika.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) related to the topic “Foreign policy of the USSR during the period of perestroika.”

98. Which of the following events relates to the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) expulsion of A.D. Sakharov in Gorky
• 2) adoption of the Constitution of the USSR
• 3) adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
• 4) first elections to the State Duma

99.During the economic reforms in the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s.

• 1) the number of small entrepreneurs has decreased
• 2)line ministries were abolished
• 3) mass development of virgin lands began
• 4) voucher privatization was carried out

100. Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. transfer or sale to private ownership of state-owned enterprises was called

• 1) nationalization
• 2)privatization
• 3) municipalization
• 4) socialization

101. Which of the following applies to Russian foreign policy in the 1990s?

• 1) establishment of diplomatic relations with the former union republics of the USSR
• 2) creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization
• 4) signing of the Treaty Banning Tests of Nuclear Weapons in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater
• 102. Which of the following was characteristic of the economic development of Russia in the 1990s?
• 1) establishment of a state monopoly of foreign trade
• 2)increase in the number of collective farms
• 3) price liberalization
• 4) introduction of state acceptance at enterprises

103. Which of the following was a characteristic feature of the economic development of Russia during the period of reforms carried out under the leadership of E.T. Gaidar?

• 1)lack of housing market
• 2) shortage of consumer goods
• 3) an attempt to implement five-year plans for the development of the national economy
• 4) formation of various forms of ownership
• 104. Which of the following was characteristic of the socio-economic situation in the country at the beginning of economic reforms by the government of E.T. Gaidar?
• 1) support for reforms by all socio-political organizations
• 2)decrease in the standard of living of the bulk of the population
• 3) growth in agricultural production
• 4) growth of industrial production
• 105. Which of the listed international organizations did Russia become a member of in the 1990s?
• 1)NATO
• 2) UN
• 3) ATS
• 4) Council of Europe
• 106.What concept characterizes the implementation of radical economic reforms in Russia in the 1990s?
• 1) nationalization
• 2) industrialization
• 3) privatization
• 4) state acceptance
• 107.Which of the following happened during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?
• 1) deepening military-political and economic cooperation with socialist countries
• 2)withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
• 3) achieving military-strategic parity between the USSR and the USA
• 4)the first visit of the leader of the USSR to the USA
• 108.one of the directions of foreign policy of modern Russia is

• 1) the fight against international terrorism
• 2) support for communist parties in Eastern European countries
• 3) preparation of the Atmos Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

109.Which of the listed provisions characterized the concept of “new political thinking”?

• 1) recognition of the priority of universal human values
• 2) the desire to establish nuclear parity with the United States
• 3) the need to strengthen the position of the Warsaw Pact Organization in the world
• 4) the need to intervene in the internal affairs of socialist countries

110.During the period of “perestroika” a new government post appeared in the USSR -

• 1) Chairman of the State Duma
• 2)Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
• 3) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
• 4)President of the USSR

111. To what period of time does the implementation of the policy of “perestroika” in the USSR begin?

• 1) mid-1950s
• 2)early 1970s.
• 3) mid-1980s.
• 4)early 1990s.

112. The Belovezhskaya agreement on the termination of the USSR and the formation of the CIS was signed

• 1) in June 1990
• 2) in March 1991
• 3) in December 1991
• 4) in October 1993

113.Which of the following was undertaken during the economic reforms of the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) transfer of enterprises to self-financing
• 2)strengthening directive management of the economy
• 4) price liberalization

114. Which of the following provisions characterized the concept of “new political thinking” put forward in the 1980s? M.S. Gorbachev?

• 1) resolving international conflicts not by military means, but by political means
• 2) recognition of the right to defend the world socialist system
• 3)criticism of the globalization process
• 4) the need to establish military-strategic parity with the United States

115.During the period of “perestroika” in the USSR there was a

• 1) Congress of People's Deputies
• 2) State Duma
• 3) Federation Council
• 4) Public chamber

116.You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The Collapse of the USSR.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.

The plan must contain at least three points. Write a brief explanation of the content of any two points.

The plan with explanations should reflect the main events (phenomena) associated with the collapse of the USSR.

117. Which of the following events occurred in the USSR during the period of “perestroika”?

• 1)celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity
• 2) the first publication of the works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the USSR
• 3) strengthening control over the media
• 4) opening of the Sovremennik Theater in Moscow

118.Despite certain similarities, the system of government bodies of the USSR, which existed under the 1977 USSR Constitution, had changed significantly by 1991. Provide at least two facts and provisions confirming these changes.

119.Which of the following applies to the economic reforms of 1985–1991? in USSR?

• 1) implementation of voucher privatization
• 2) price liberalization
• 3) refusal of state management of the economy
• 4)expanding the independence of enterprises

120.The newspaper “Soviet Russia” published an article by teacher N.A. Andreeva “I can’t give up my principles.” The next day, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee E.K. Ligachev at a Politburo meeting called this article “an example of Bolshevik integrity.” Over the next three weeks, until the publication of a response article in the newspaper Pravda, the process of development of “glasnost” in the USSR stopped.

1. Indicate the decade when the described events occurred.

2. What was the essence of N.A.’s article? Andreeva?

3. Why did the process of “glasnost” stop immediately after the events described?

121.Which of the indicated periods was called the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1)1953–1964
• 2)1965–1985
• 3)1985–1991
• 4)1992–1999

122.Which of the following events occurred during the years of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1)signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater
• 2)withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
• 3) creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
• 4) placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba

123.In what year did the collapse of the USSR occur?

• 1)1985
• 2) 1991
• 3) 1993
• 4) 1998

124.There is a view that, despite significant differences,
in the international position of the USSR in the 1970s. and in the second half of the 1980s. there were similarities. Give at least two facts and provisions confirming this similarity.

125.Which of the following events occurred in 1988?

• 1) adoption by the XIX Conference of the CPSU of the resolution “On the democratization of Soviet society and reform of the political system”
• 2)I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
• 3) signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the creation of the CIS
• 4) adoption by the XXII Congress of the CPSU of the Program for Building Communism in the USSR

126.Which of the following applies to the economic reforms of the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) permission for individual labor activity
• 2) strengthening directive planning of the economy
• 3)implementation of privatization of state-owned enterprises
• 4) price liberalization

127. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to events and phenomena in the history of the USSR in the period 1985–1991.

1)" perestroika» ; 2)elections on an alternative basis; 3)federal districts; 4)referendum; 5)" parade of sovereignties» .

128.Indicate a characteristic feature of the development of the culture of the USSR during the period of “perestroika”.

• 1) cessation of the work of creative organizations uniting cultural figures of the USSR
• 2) expulsion abroad of some cultural figures disliked by the authorities
• 3) severance of cultural ties with the West
• 4) significant increase in circulation of popular newspapers and magazines

129.Which of the listed positions appeared during the period of “perestroika” in the USSR?

• 1) Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation
• 2) Chairman of the Federation Council
• 3)Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
• 4)President of the RSFSR

130. In what year did the leadership of the USSR make the decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan?

• 1)1968
• 2) 1979
• 3) 1988
• 4) 1999

131.Read an excerpt from the work of an economist and indicate the period to which the described phenomena relate.

“However, in the last 12–15 years, the development of the national economy of the USSR began to reveal a tendency towards a noticeable decrease in the growth rate of national income. If in the eighth five-year plan its average annual growth was 7.5% and in the ninth - 5.8%, then in the tenth it decreased to 3.8%, and in the first years of the eleventh it was about 2.5% (with an average growth of the country's population by 0.8% per year). This does not ensure either the required growth rate of the people’s living standards or intensive technical re-equipment of production.”

• 1) the last years of the leadership of the USSR I.V. Stalin
• 2) “thaw”
• 3) “stagnation”
• 4) “perestroika”

132. Which of the following applies to the beginning of the 21st century?

• 1)implementation of priority national projects
• 2) formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
• 3) establishment of the State Duma of the Russian Federation
• 4) adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

133. Which of the following can be attributed to the results of the economic policy of the Russian Federation in the early 1990s?

• 3) formation of a market mechanism
• 4) stopping the decline in agricultural production
• 134. Which of the following can be attributed to the results of the economic policy of the Russian Federation in the early 1990s?
• 1) refusal to import industrial goods
• 2) rupture of economic agreements with Western countries
• 3) establishment of free pricing
• 4) increasing the standard of living of the majority of the population
• 135.Which of the above was characteristic of Russia’s foreign policy and international position in the 1990s?
• 1) the emergence of the concepts of “near” and “far” abroad
• 3) creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)
• 4) creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO)
• 136.Which of the following was one of the results of economic reforms in Russia in the 1990s?
• 2)increasing state presence in the economy
• 3)strengthening collective farms
• 4) stopping the decline in industrial production
• 137. Which of the following was one of the results of changes in the foreign policy situation in Russia in the 1990s?
• 1) adoption of the Peace Program
• 2) signing of the Treaty Banning Tests of Nuclear Weapons in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater
• 3) the end of the Cold War
• 4) achieving military-strategic parity with the United States
• 138.Which of the following events occurred during the conflict between the executive and legislative branches of government in the fall of 1993?
• 1) resignation of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev
• 2)XIX party conference
• 3)signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement
• 4) storming the White House
• 139.One of the first results of the study carried out in the 1990s. privatization was
• 1) formation of a layer of owners
• 2)increasing the living standards of the majority of Russian citizens
• 3) a sharp increase in the pace of industrial development
• 4) a significant increase in the rate of development of agricultural production
• 140. Which of the following can be attributed to the results of the economic policy of the Russian Federation in the early 1990s?
• 1) construction of new large industrial enterprises
• 2) creation of a powerful military-industrial complex
• 3) transition to a market economy
• 4) significant increase in productivity in agriculture

141.5 August 2013 marked 50 years since the signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in Outer Space and Underwater.

142.Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the year in question.

“This is the year of Gorbachev’s formation as a statesman of an all-Union and international scale. Even under the sick Andropov, the hopes of a socially and physically tired, ideologically senseless society, disgusted with the pharisaism, lies and window dressing that had long become characteristic features of the regime, were concentrated on this figure, unusual for the Soviet elite.

The disappointment that it was not Gorbachev, but Chernenko who was elected General Secretary after Andropov's death, finally convinced of the hopelessness and state irresponsibility of the country's top leadership, struck by... senile egoism. Gorbachev took advantage of this, increasing his activity and demonstrating intellectual and political superiority over his “colleagues.”

• 1)1979
• 2) 1982
• 3) 1984
• 4) 1987

143. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a politician and indicate the year in question.

“Reflecting [on this] year, you highlight two points in its official history - the Constitution and the 60th anniversary of the Revolution

There is another big lie connected to the first one. The fuss around the drafting of the Constitution and the attempts of “intelligent apparatchiks”, together with selected scientists, to democratically ennoble the Soviet Basic Law, somehow obscured the key point in it - the “6th Article”, which turned these attempts into demagoguery normal for our way of life. Meanwhile, as is known, the abolition of this article ten years later “turned the key” to the rapid collapse of the state.”

• 1)1965
• 2) 1975
• 3) 1977
• 4) 1987

144.Write down the abbreviation missing in the diagram.

145.Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgments presented below, correlating their beginnings and completion options.

Structure of the gross national product of the USSR by sectors of the national economy (in percent)

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) The share of the service sector in the structure of the national product of the USSR in the period 1980 - 1989.

B) In 1989, the smallest share in the structure of the national economy of the USSR was

B) During the period 1980 – 1989. in the structure of the national economy of the USSR the share of

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

1) industry

2) increased

3) agriculture

4) construction

5) decreased

146.Write down the missing word.

The process that took place in the late 1980s - early 1990s, characterized by conflicts between republican and union legislation, associated with the declaration of the priority of republican laws over union ones, was called the “parade”.

147.Write down the missing word.

At the only All-Union meeting in the entire history of the USSR, which took place on March 17, 1991, the question of preserving the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics was raised.

148.Compare the features of the socio-economic development of the USSR in the period 1921–1929. and Russia in the period 1991–1999. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarities in the first column, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second.

• 1) the existence of private industrial enterprises
• 2)carrying out monetary reform
• 3) infringement of entrepreneurs in political civil rights
• 4)carrying out “voucher” privatization

TRAITS OF SIMILARITYTRAITS OF DIFFERENCES

150. Using the data from the statistical table, complete the judgment by correlating its beginning and ending.

Relative growth rates of industrial output in individual countries relative to their 1960 production levels.

BEGINNING OF JUDGMENT

A) In the period 1980–1986. the growth rate of industrial production was the highest

B) From this table

B) During the period 1970–1980. the growth rate of industrial production was the highest

OPTIONS FOR COMPLETING JUDGMENT

1) in Bulgaria

3) it is impossible to find out the growth rates of industrial production in 1980 in comparison with 1960.

4) you can find out the growth rates of industrial production in 1980 in comparison with 1960.

5) in Vietnam

151.Look at the image and complete the task.

Indicate the year this photo was taken.

• 1)1985
• 2) 1989
• 3) 1991
• 4) 1998

152.read an excerpt from the historian’s essay.

“...According to the decision of the XIX Party Conference, a new government body was established - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, the participants of which were to be elected on an alternative basis. The Supreme Council was elected from among the participants of the Congress, which turned into a permanent parliament. Similar government structures were created in the union republics.

According to the election results, the deputy corps included many supporters of continuing radical reforms, including B.N. Yeltsin, G.Kh. Popov, A.D. Sakharov, A.A. Sobchak, Yu.N. Afanasyev, Yu.D. Chernichenko. M.S. was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of the USSR. Gorbachev.

An integral part of the reform of the political system aimed at creating a democratic state was the introduction of the presidential post in the country (M.S. Gorbachev was elected the first President of the USSR).

In the context of democratic reforms, changes occurred in the relationship between church and state. Several meetings took place with M.S. Gorbachev with the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Pimen and representatives of other religious faiths. Anniversary celebrations took place in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus'. New religious communities were registered and religious educational institutions were opened. The circulation of published religious literature has increased.”

• 1. Find in the passage and write down a sentence containing a position that is confirmed by the facts given in the subsequent text. Indicate at least two facts given in support of this position.
• 2.Indicate the year when the party conference took place, which is mentioned in the first sentence of the passage. Indicate the name of the period in the history of the USSR when the described events occurred.

CONTROL AND EVALUATION TOOLS

Discipline: "OSSE 02. History"

Topic: “USSR in 1964 – 1985.”

Explanatory note

The test in history was developed on the basis of the work program of the discipline OGSE 02. History for specialties studying under secondary vocational education programs and the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Professional Education.

The work covers the content of the topic “USSR in 1964 – 1985.”

The tasks are compiled according to the type of Unified State Examination tasks.

Purpose of control : to identify the level of mastery of the material by students:

Ø knowledge:

- chronology of the period;

- basic facts, phenomena, processes.

Ø skills:

- correlate the individual, the general, classify facts;

- select and work with various sources, extract from them

necessary information;

- use the principles of cause-and-effect analysis when studying historical processes and phenomena;

- use historical facts to support your answers.

Option 1

1. When was the Soviet-American space flight under the Soyuz-Apollo program carried out?

1) in 1971 2) in 1973 3) in 1975 4) in 1977

2. After being removed from power, the government of the USSR was headed by

3. What was one of the reasons for the increase in industrial development indicators of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s?

1) formation of economic councils;

4) the spread of Stakhanov’s initiative in industry.

4. What was one of the consequences of the signing with the participation of the USSR of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975?

2) respect for human rights in the USSR;

3) the USSR providing assistance to North Korea in the fight against American aggression;

4) refusal to produce and test new weapons.

5. Read an excerpt from a historical document and determine the year when the events described in the document occurred:

From the memoirs of a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee:

“For the last week before the entry of troops, members of the Politburo hardly slept and did not go home: according to reports, a counter-revolutionary coup was expected in Czechoslovakia. The Baltic and Belarusian military districts were put on state of readiness number one. On the night of August 20-21, they gathered for a meeting again. Brezhnev said: “We will send in troops...”

1) 1965 2) 1968 3) 1972 4) 1975

6. Social development of the USSR in the mid-70s to mid-80s. characterized:

1) growth in the proportion of people with secondary and higher education;

2) higher level of food consumption than in Western countries;

3) faster growth in the production of goods compared to the growth of monetary incomes of the population;

4) strikes by workers against equalizing trends in wages.

7. What are the names of the representatives of the social movement mentioned in the text?

“The most well-known forms of protest... addressed to the political leadership of the USSR, judicial and punitive authorities are statements, appeals, open letters. When the odious Article 190-1 was introduced into the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (September 1966), providing for punishment for the dissemination of rumors and various types of information discrediting the Soviet state and social system, Academician Sakharov and his like-minded people appealed to the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with protest.” .

1) liberals; 2) dissidents; 3) academicians; 4) Protestants.

8. Put events in chronological order

1) Election as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee;

2) The trial of A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel;

3) Signing of the agreement between the USSR and the USA SALT -1;

4) Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.

9. Which of the following characterizes the spiritual development of the USSR, which took shape in the 1970s and early 1980s. Select three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Human rights activities had a particular impact on changing the spiritual climate;

2) There were kitchen conversations in which the problems of the country were discussed;

3) Accelerating the process of rehabilitation of Stalinist repressions;

4) Forms of opposition appeared as “samizdat” and “samizdat”;

5) Repressions, executions against representatives of the dissident movement;

6) development of clubs, holding discussions on issues of further development of the USSR.

10. Match the names of film directors with the titles of their works: for each position in the first column, select a position from the second column:

1) the constitution of “developed socialism”;

2) relaxation of international tension;

3) confrontation in international relations;

4) June 3rd coup;

5) “petrodollars”;

6) collective farm peasantry.

Find and write down the serial number of a term related to another

historical period.

In 1970, the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights was created, which included Academician _________, a famous physicist, one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb.

Option 2

1. Which event happened in 1980?

1) the first Moscow Film Festival;

2) Olympic Games in Moscow;

3) The first piano competition named after P. Tchaikovsky;

4) exhibition of avant-garde artists in Moscow.

2. Minister of Foreign Affairs in the period 1957-1985. was

3. What event caused the aggravation of the international situation in the late 1970s?

1) USSR military assistance to Angola;

2) deployment of Soviet missiles in Nicaragua;

3) the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan;

4) entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia.

4. What was one of the consequences of the adoption of Article 6 in the 1977 USSR Constitution?

1) reduction in the size of the party and state apparatus;

2) elimination of the privileges of the party-state apparatus;

3) development of internal party democracy;

4) legal consolidation of the power of the party-state nomenklatura.

5. Read an excerpt from the document and determine its title:

“A developed socialist society has been built in the USSR. At this stage, when socialism develops on its own basis, the creative forces of the new system are revealed more and more fully... The Communist Party is the core of the political system.”

1) New program of the CPSU;

2) General Treaty on Disarmament;

3) Constitution of the USSR 1977;

4) SALT Treaty – 1.

6. The internal political course of the USSR since 1982. to February 1984 was characterized by:

1) increased criticism of Stalinism in official publications;

2) resumption of the fight against cosmopolitanism;

3) stopping the fight against manifestations of dissent;

4) expanding the fight against abuses in the economic sphere.

7. What was the name of the social stratum mentioned in the text?

4) tightening of bans on private farming;

5) expansion of the area under corn;

6) introduction of fixed cash salaries instead of workdays.

10. Establish a correspondence between the names of cultural figures and the area of ​​their activity: for each position of the first column, select a position from the second column:

11. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to events (phenomena) of the USSR period 1964-1985.

1) aging personnel;

2) collective leadership;

3) personnel rotation;

4) ideology of dissent;

5) dissident movement;

6) collective farm peasantry.

Find and write down the serial number of a term related to another historical period.

12. Write the missing word.

The USSR's claims to the right to carry out military intervention in the internal affairs of its allies under the Warsaw Pact received the name ________Brezhnev in Western countries.

13. In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.

“Period 1964-1982. was a time of development and manifestation of a systemic crisis of society, an “era of stagnation,” which ultimately led the country to a change in the socio-political system in the USSR.”

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.

Test work evaluation system

on the topic “USSR in 1964 – 1985.”

Part 1

A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the required word (phrase), number or sequence of numbers is correctly indicated.

A complete correct answer to each of tasks 1–8, 11,12 is scored 1 point; incomplete, incorrect answer or no answer – 0 points.

A complete correct answer to each of tasks 9 and 10 is scored 2 points; if one mistake is made - 1 point; if two or more errors are made or there is no answer - 0 points.

Total 14

Criteria for assessing tasks with a detailed answer. Task 13.

Option 1 .

In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.

“The period when he was the leader of the USSR became one of the calmest, most stable stages in the development of the USSR. It was marked by the absence of economic, social, and political upheavals.”

Arguments for":

1. The positive results of the economic reform of 1965 had an impact.

2. The use of natural resources made it possible to obtain “petrodollars” and created the opportunity to meet the needs of society

3. Construction of free housing, free medical care, and education was carried out

4. In foreign policy, “détente” of international tension

Arguments against":

1. Heavy industry and the military-industrial complex occupied priority positions, which led to a shortage of goods

2. The persistence of shortages and the leveling system led to an increase in social apathy and moral decay of society

3. The growth of privileges of the party apparatus was aggravated by increased corruption and embezzlement

4. The dissident movement, among those who critically assessed the achievements of socialism, alternative ideologies emerged, which later formed into political movements

5. With the entry of USSR troops into Afghanistan, a new round of the arms race began.

Option 2.

In historical science there are debatable problems on which

Various, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.

“Period 1964-1982. was a time of development and manifestation of a systemic crisis of society, an “era of stagnation,” which ultimately led the country to a change in the socio-political system in the USSR.”

Arguments for":

1. The power of the party apparatus has increased, its control over all spheres of social life, persecution of dissidents, expulsion from the country, deprivation of Soviet citizenship (G. Vishnevskaya, R. Rostropovich, A. Solzhenitsyn)

2. The role of the CPSU was legislatively enshrined in the 1977 USSR Constitution.

3. The struggle between the authorities and human rights activists. Sakharov was sent into exile in Gorky.

4. Publications of “samizdat” and “tamizdat” called for fighting for national interests, the rise of nationalism (especially in the Baltic states, Western Ukraine, Central Asia, Transcaucasia)

Arguments against":

1. There were guaranteed salaries, pensions, benefits, free education and medicine

2. Construction of free housing for the population was carried out, and separate apartments were provided for families

3. “Petrodollars” made it possible to provide for the basic needs of society

4. The official concept of building “developed socialism” dominated, and a single community “Soviet people” was created.

Assessment guidelines

"4 points"

Two arguments are given to support and two to refute the assessment.

"3 points"

Two arguments are given to support and one to refute the assessment.

OR One argument is given to support and two to refute the assessment.

"2 points"

One argument is given to support and one to refute the assessment.

"1 point"

Only two arguments are given to support the assessment, OR only two arguments are given to refute the assessment.

"0 points"

Only one argument of any kind is given, OR only facts are given that illustrate events (phenomena, processes) related to this point of view, but are not arguments, OR general reasoning is given that does not meet the requirements of the assignment. OR The answer is incorrect.

The maximum score for task 13 is 4 points.

Total 18 points.

1. Late 1970s - first half of the 1980s. became a time of growth and aggravation of the systemic crisis of totalitarian socialism.

The crisis was brewing in:

• economics;
• politics;
• international relations.

The two main problems of the USSR economy in the late 1970s - early 1980s. were:

• the inability of the command-administrative system to satisfy the basic economic needs of the country (total shortage of goods, their low quality, at times - lack of food);
• the emerging lag of the USSR from the developed countries of the world.

In the 1960s - 1980s. A technological information revolution has occurred in Western countries. Computerization has begun. If in the 1930s. everything was decided by heavy industry, then in the 1960-1980s. everything began to be solved by high technology. In the USSR, high technologies were available in the military-industrial complex and astronautics, but in other areas they were absent. In the USSR there were almost no computers, which almost everyone in the West had; even in 1980, manual assembly took place in most factories, while in leading countries everything was automated. There were low standards in mechanical engineering and other areas. With such development, the USSR risked falling behind the rest of the world by 30 - 50 years.

Another problem was an acute political and moral crisis:

• which began under L.I. Brezhnev, the improvement of the party apparatus stopped in the mid-1970s;
• the apparatchiks began to “accrete” to their positions from the General Secretary to the secretary of the party committee;
• there was a spiritual degeneration of the party apparatus - faith in communist ideals practically disappeared, pronounced selfish interests and cynicism appeared;
• L.I. himself gradually began to retire. Brezhnev. Seriously ill L.I. After the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1977, Brezhnev resigned several times starting in 1978, but was not allowed to retire by his entourage, which did not want to upset the existing balance of power. As a result, the country was practically left without a leader and developed on its own;
• corruption grew in the USSR, especially in the national republics;
• in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, other republics, and Moscow, a class of underground businessmen (“guild workers”) has emerged; there was a merging of the criminal business and the party elite;
• Pessimism and double morality reigned in society itself. The systemic crisis of totalitarian socialism spilled over beyond the borders of the USSR.

2. In 1968 and 1980 In the two most “prosperous” socialist countries - Czechoslovakia and Poland - mass anti-Soviet and anti-communist protests took place. The crisis in Czechoslovakia was especially painful for the USSR.

• in January 1968, a new leadership led by Alexander Dubcek came to power in Czechoslovakia;
• the new leadership declared its goal to build “socialism with a human face” and begin reform;
• during the reforms, a rethinking of socialism and the emancipation of the people began; a significant part of Czechoslovak society is disappointed in socialism of the Stalin-Brezhnev type;
• part of the leadership of Czechoslovakia and part of society took a radical position - withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, maximum distance from the USSR, unification with Western civilization; Anti-Soviet and anti-communist sentiments began to spread throughout the country;
• several times the leadership of the USSR tried to force the Czechoslovak leadership to “restore order”, various documents were signed, but the processes in Czechoslovakia were no longer subject to the leadership of A. Dubcek - it could not and did not want to reverse them;
• on the night of August 21, 1968, the armies of the USSR and the countries of the Warsaw Treaty (except Romania) invaded Czechoslovakia and occupied the territory of the country;
• the Czechoslovak army did not offer any resistance, although there were casualties as a result of clashes between youth and troops;
• As a result, under pressure from the troops in 1969, a new pro-Rezhnev leadership led by G. Husak came to power in Czechoslovakia, A. Dubcek’s reforms were stopped, Czechoslovakia was returned to the “socialist camp.”

In 1980 - 1981 Mass anti-government protests began in Poland, led by the Solidarity workers' union under the leadership of Lech Valeta. The Polish leadership suppressed the unrest on its own. In December 1981, martial law was introduced in Poland and repressions began.

3. Despite the crises in socialist countries, the USSR made an attempt to export socialism. On December 27, 1979, the USSR, relying on one of the Marxist Afghan groups led by Babrak Karmalsm, sent troops into Afghanistan and tried, together with the Afghan communists (PDPA party), to build a pro-Soviet socialist society in feudal Afghanistan. This policy led to a 10-year full-scale war from 1979 to 1989, which became a destabilizing factor in the USSR, claimed the lives of more than 15 thousand Soviet soldiers, and led to a sharp cooling of the situation in the world.

4. The war in Afghanistan led to a new round of the Cold War:

• normal Soviet-American relations were interrupted for 6 years;
• most capitalist countries, led by the United States, boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow;
• in response to this, in 1984, the USSR and socialist countries boycotted the Olympic Games in the USA, Los Angeles;
• in 1983, the United States began deploying new medium-range missiles in Europe;
• US President R. Reagan proclaimed the USSR an “evil empire” and announced the creation in the future of a “space shield” - a missile defense system that would shoot down Soviet missiles from space (the “Star Wars” program);
• in 1983, the USSR shot down a South Korean passenger plane that had entered Soviet airspace and was mistaken for a spy plane.

The ongoing arms race, which was destroying the USSR budget, exceeded all common sense.

Nuclear arsenals were many times larger than needed. For example, in 1983, the city of Kyiv alone, in the event of war, would have been subjected to 40 nuclear strikes simultaneously, when 1-2 nuclear missiles were enough to completely destroy the city. Similar plans existed for other cities. The world was on the verge of a global nuclear disaster.

5. After the death of L.I. Brezhnev in 1982, an attempt at reform was made in the USSR. These reforms are associated with the name of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914 - 1984), who was the USSR Ambassador to the rebel Hungary in 1956, and Chairman of the KGB in 1967 - 1982. and elected as the new General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1982. Andropov’s reforms were of a superficial, cosmetic nature. They mainly concerned the establishment of discipline and order in the country and the prosecution of shadow businesses. In particular, a “cotton case” was initiated, in which a number of senior leaders of Uzbekistan were accused of large-scale theft of cotton. The reforms that had begun were interrupted by the premature death of the seriously ill Yu.V. Andropov in early 1984

6. The new leader of the party and the USSR - the elderly Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1911 - 1985) - also proclaimed reforms. Chernenko was the first to announce the beginning of “perestroika” in the USSR and coined this term. However, few people paid attention to this. In fact, only the school reform of 1984 began; no other significant reforms were carried out. Like Yu.V. Andropov, K.U. Chernenko, during his tenure as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, was practically incapacitated due to extremely poor health.

1 year and 1 month after his election, March 10, 1985, K.U. Chernenko died after a serious long illness. A few hours later, on March 11, 1985, 54-year-old M.S. was hastily elected as the new General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Gorbachev, who was 20 years younger than his predecessors. The time of change began in the USSR.

The reason for the sharp deterioration of Soviet-American relations was the invasion of Soviet troops in Afghanistan. But in reality, the last surge of the Cold War was brewing gradually. Opponents of the disarmament policy in the American leadership were convinced that the USSR was using the temporary easing of international tension to strengthen its geopolitical positions. Carter was accused of shortsightedness and loss of initiative. As if to confirm these fears, in 1977 the USSR began rearmament of its European nuclear group. The obsolete SS-4 and SS-5 missiles were replaced with more modern SS-20 missiles with three multiple warheads. The leadership of Western countries perceived these actions as an immediate threat to national security. The US government has raised the issue of redeploying a strike group of missile forces to Europe. Moreover, it was intended to replace the mobile Pershing-1 missiles deployed there with Pershing-2 with an increased flight range (1500-2000 km) and high accuracy (up to 50 m). The flight time of such missiles to the European part of the USSR was 6-10 minutes (for the SS-20 it was up to 30 minutes). In addition, short-range cruise missiles were designed to re-equip NATO troops, which in flight could skirt the terrain and were almost invisible to enemy radars. Such weapons posed a huge threat even to Moscow’s dense missile defense.

Trying to forestall NATO's decision to modernize nuclear weapons, the Soviet leadership announced on October 6, 1979 its decision to dismantle a number of SS-20 missiles if Western countries refused to deploy new missiles. In addition, one tank division was demonstratively and unilaterally withdrawn from the GDR. In view of these events, the NATO Council adopted a “double decision” on December 12, 1979. On the one hand, the modernization of nuclear weapons was nevertheless sanctioned. At the end of 1983, it was planned to deploy 108 Pershing 2 missiles and 96 cruise missiles in West Germany, 160 cruise missiles in Great Britain, 112 in Italy, 48 in Belgium and 48 in Holland. But first, the NATO Council decided to invite the Soviet Union to hold negotiations on limiting the number of nuclear missiles in Europe. If the USSR agreed to dismantle the new missiles already installed and not deploy new ones, then the deployment of Pershings and cruise missiles would also be suspended. The reaction of the Soviet leadership was most indignant. A powerful anti-war movement also developed in Europe itself, as millions of people for the first time clearly felt themselves hostage to a nuclear confrontation.

The persistent desire of the “hawks” from the American leadership to translate the dialogue with the USSR into the language of force was explained not only by the stereotypes of the Cold War, but also by the growing destabilization of the international situation. The post-war world order, extremely clear and obvious in its bipolar symmetry, gradually plunged into a series of local military conflicts, political coups, government crises, the participants of which were increasingly difficult to divide into “friends” and “strangers,” allies and opponents. Behind the façade of the geopolitical confrontation between the two “superpowers” ​​in the countries of the “third world,” the process of forming a completely new political culture began, based on the synthesis of the traditional ethno-confessional consciousness of the peoples of Asia and Africa with modernist attitudes of the communist, liberal, nationalist and other kinds. The increasingly frequent outbreaks of extremism, which were perceived by contemporaries as the last echoes of the anti-colonial struggle, in fact already foreshadowed the “clash of civilizations” that would confront the West with the problem of maintaining its own security at the beginning of the new millennium. In the meantime, Washington was inclined to see the “hand of Moscow” in “peripheral” local conflicts and political crises, especially since Soviet diplomacy more than once gave rise to such fears.

In the mid-1970s. completely unexpectedly for American diplomacy, “world communism” received a foothold in southern Africa. The coup of April 25, 1974 in Portugal opened the way for the liberation of its colonies - Mozambique and Angola. In Mozambique, already in 1975, the government of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) came to power under the leadership of the Marxist Samora Machel. The territory of Mozambique began to be used to train rebels from the Patriotic Front of Rhodesia. In 1978, this led to the invasion of Mozambique by Rhodesian troops and the start of a brutal guerrilla war. The USSR actively used this situation to discredit in the eyes of world public opinion the racist regimes of both Rhodesia and South Africa, as well as their connections “with the imperialist powers.”

At this time, civil war broke out in Angola. The struggle for power here was between three groups - the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) led by Agostinho Neto and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), created on an ethno-tribal basis. ). The MPLA enjoyed the support of the USSR and Cuba, the FNLA - Zaire and China, and UNITA - the USA and South Africa. Thus, the conflict in Angola has acquired an international character. In addition, many European mercenaries fought on the side of all groups. The MPLA government that came to power tried to balance between the USSR and the USA, but could not do without Cuban military support. In 1977, Angolan troops trained by Cuban instructors invaded Zaire (formerly Belgian Congo), supporting an uprising against dictator Mobutu. American aircraft were used to drop French and Belgian parachute troops in Zaire. This operation was successful, but a year later intertribal conflict broke out again in Zaire, and Europeans had to be evacuated from this country.

No less alarming in Washington was caused by the strengthening of Soviet influence in Ethiopia. On September 12, 1974, the regime of Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown here. A difficult period of formation of democratic statehood began. In conditions of severe economic crisis and tribal strife, a Marxist government led by Mengistu Haile Mariam came to power in 1977. It requested full-scale assistance from the USSR to suppress the separatist movement in Eritrea and repel aggression from Somalia. 1,500 Soviet and 18,000 Cuban technical and military specialists arrived in Ethiopia, along with a large amount of equipment. The Soviet fleet gained access to the Ethiopian port of Massawa.

The events in Ethiopia, according to the American leadership, proved the USSR's desire to create a wide zone of influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Gulf of Arabia zone. In reality, Moscow did not have such far-reaching strategic plans. But on occasion, the USSR really did not refuse support to any “anti-imperialist forces” and, above all, in Arab countries. Both in Moscow and in Washington, the spread of the ideas of Arab socialism was perceived primarily as a geopolitical choice, one of the varieties of the “socialist orientation” of the “third world” countries. The fact that Arab nationalism of any political shade remains inextricably linked with Islamic traditions and is focused on tough confrontation with external influence was not given much importance.

An illustrative example was the attitude of the USA and the USSR towards Muammar Gaddafi, who came to power in Libya in 1969 and consistently created the regime of the “people's Jamahiriya”. Based on the principles of Arab nationalism and revolutionary Islam, Gaddafi developed the “third world theory,” rejecting both the capitalist system and Soviet communism. Libya gradually turned into a center of various radical and even extremist anti-Western movements. Gaddafi actively supported any anti-Israeli forces, including the Palestine Liberation Organization, the activities of Islamists in Algeria and Egypt, as well as the terrorist regime of Idi Amin in Uganda. The United States hastened to classify Libya as a “strategic adversary,” and in the eyes of the Soviet leadership, the anti-Americanism of the Gaddafi regime fully compensated for its political “specificity.” Following the same logic, the USSR quite openly supported other radical movements and regimes in the Arab world, not really caring about the threat of Islamization of this region.

In light of the strengthening of ties between the USSR and the Arab world, strategic cooperation with Israel acquired particular significance for the United States. The rapprochement of these countries began since the “six-day war” of 1967. The reason for it was an incident between the Syrian and Israeli air forces. Egyptian President Nasser hastened to put the troops located on the armistice line in Sinai and on the coast of the Gulf of Aqaba on alert. On June 5, Israel launched a preemptive strike against its opponents. Most of the Egyptian aviation based in the Sinai Peninsula was destroyed on the ground in the first hours of the war. Israeli armored formations defeated four Egyptian divisions in the Sinai and on June 7 captured Sharm al-Sheikh, which controlled the entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba. On June 9, Israeli troops reached the eastern bank of the Suez Canal and simultaneously launched attacks on Jordan and Syria. The Arab part of Jerusalem, the west bank of the Jordan River and the Golan Heights were captured. The entire campaign lasted only six days. On June 27, the Israeli leadership announced the annexation of the Arab part of Jerusalem and proclaimed the city the capital of the country.

The USSR, which in previous years actively helped military construction in Egypt and Syria, sharply condemned Israel's actions and broke off diplomatic relations with it. The UN Security Council did not recognize Israel's annexation of Jerusalem. The heads of Arab states also refused further negotiations with Israel. The most determined of them—Syria, Iraq, South Yemen—continued to receive huge military supplies from the USSR. The Palestinian resistance movement also enjoyed support from Moscow, although its radical wing took the path of terror. The most notorious terrorist attack was the attack on Israeli athletes during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.

American diplomacy in the current situation was inclined to support Israel. But the obstacle was Tel Aviv’s strict refusal to implement UN Security Council resolutions to resolve the conflict. Moreover, after the death of Egyptian President Nasser in 1970, the new Egyptian leader A. Sadat demonstrated his readiness for political dialogue with the United States. However, at the same time, Egypt intensified its cooperation with the USSR, receiving large quantities of weapons. Strong revanchist sentiments remained in the Egyptian and Syrian leadership. A new round of Arab-Israeli confrontation turned out to be inevitable.

On October 6, 1973, during the Jewish religious holiday of the Day of Judgment (Yom Kippur), the Egyptian army, after artillery preparation, crossed the Suez Canal and broke through the Israeli line of fortifications. Using a powerful tank group, the Egyptians were able to quickly occupy the western part of the Sinai Peninsula. At the same time, the Syrians launched an attack on the Golan Heights and captured the fortifications on Mount Hermon. At this critical moment for Israel, the United States organized an urgent transfer of anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons to the theater of operations. The Israelis managed to turn the tide of the campaign and on October 11 recaptured the Golan. Four days later, the front stabilized already 35 km from Damascus. At the same time, General Sharon's paratroopers crossed the Suez Canal and gained a foothold on its western bank. By October 19, the Israeli strike force launched an attack on Cairo.

Realizing the critical situation of its allies, the USSR put its airborne forces on alert and invited the United States to jointly introduce a military contingent to separate the warring parties. The appearance of Soviet troops in the Middle East, even within the framework of a coalition, was completely unacceptable for Washington. The Americans insisted on using diplomatic methods and guaranteed their active participation in resolving the conflict. On October 22, in response to a joint Soviet-American initiative, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 338. It provided for a cessation of hostilities within 12 hours and the start of multilateral negotiations with the goal of establishing a “just and reliable peace.” Israel initially refused to comply with this demand, but taking into account the tough position of the USSR and the USA, military operations were stopped. The holding of the Geneva Peace Conference on the Middle East, co-chaired by the USA and the USSR, did not bring any concrete results.

American diplomacy tried to use the results of the Middle East conflict to its advantage. On January 11, 1974, through the mediation of the US, an Israeli-Egyptian agreement was signed on the delimitation of military positions in the Suez Canal zone and on the regime for using the canal. The Egyptian and Israeli leadership increasingly focused their actions on the United States. On March 15, 1976, Sadat denounced the 1971 Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union. Building on his success, President Carter took an important step in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. He invited Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin for negotiations at his Camp David residence in September 1978. The agreement reached during the negotiations provided for the gradual withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai Desert. In exchange for this, Egypt officially recognized

Israel. In February 1980, both countries exchanged ambassadors. But it later became clear that the Camp David agreements were only a pause in the protracted Middle East conflict, and the United States became the main adversary of the Arab world.

The real vulnerability of the US political positions in the Middle East was clearly demonstrated by events in Iran, for which it was already difficult to blame the Soviet Union. The Iranian Shah's regime was considered a reliable ally of the United States. But in January 1979, it fell under the onslaught of the Islamist opposition led by Khomeini. American specialists and military advisers were forced to urgently leave the country. On November 4, 1979, 60 Americans who were in the embassy in Tehran were captured as hostages, and the operation of the intelligence services to free them ended in failure (the hostages were released only after President Ronald Reagan took office in January 1981). Given the extremely difficult US relations with Iraq, the loss of influence in Iran was a very serious geopolitical defeat. And it was against this backdrop that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan took place in 1979.

In April 1978, the pro-Soviet communist Nur Muhammad Taraki became the president of Afghanistan. Together with his prime minister, Hafizullah Amin, he launched a series of radical reforms that caused widespread discontent in the country. On December 5, 1978, Taraki concluded a treaty of friendship and assistance with the Soviet Union, but soon died as a result of Amin’s conspiracy. The Soviet leadership suspected the new Afghan leader of secret intentions to establish ties with the United States and Pakistan. On December 27, 1979, Amin was assassinated after the Soviet invasion. The Afghan government was headed by Babrak Karmal, loyal to the USSR. But unexpectedly for the Soviet leadership, the Afghan conflict escalated into a very difficult long-term war. Its international consequences also turned out to be very negative. The West's reaction to the Afghan war was harsh and demonstrative. The Olympic Games in Moscow in July 1980 were boycotted by the United States and its allies. The American Senate refused to ratify the SALT II treaty, and the deployment of NATO's latest nuclear weapons in Europe became inevitable. However, the extremely harsh moves of the American leadership towards the USSR were largely explained by events not only in Afghanistan, but also in the Central American region. In 1979, representatives of the Sandinista movement came to power in Nicaragua, who openly demonstrated their friendly attitude towards Cuba and the USSR. On the 13th of 1979, a pro-Cuban regime was established on the island of Grenada. In Washington, all these events were perceived as a manifestation of growing Soviet expansionism.

With the accession to the presidency of the United States in January 1981, R. Reagan began the last and extremely tense period of the Cold War. The new American leader was not at all embarrassed by his little political experience and very vague ideas about the vicissitudes of world politics. In the USSR, he saw an “evil empire”, and the whole world was ready to be categorically divided into “good” and “bad guys”. Subsequently, in his memoirs, Reagan sincerely described his attitude to the military-strategic parity between the USA and the USSR in the style of a “Western”: “I took office as president with an established prejudice against our tacit agreement with the Soviet Union regarding nuclear missiles. I am referring to the concept of deterrence that provides security. It reminded me of a scene from an action movie, when two cowboys, standing in the middle of a tavern, aim their revolvers at each other’s heads.” However, the president’s aggressiveness fully reflected the mood prevailing in the American political elite. The “shaking” of the bipolar system of international relations was perceived as an open challenge to America and a reason for moving to the most stringent measures to strengthen its position in the world.

Since April 1981, the United States began developing a new military doctrine aimed at achieving final victory in the Cold War. In September, the main provisions of the doctrine were announced by Reagan. It was assumed that American foreign policy strategy should be built from a position of strength and using all possible methods of putting pressure on the enemy. In addition to tough diplomatic moves, this goal was to be served by “managed conflicts” (i.e., control over the escalation of conflicts used to weaken the enemy’s international positions). The entire world space, including Europe, was considered as the sphere of such “managed conflicts.” Great importance was also attached to the comprehensive strengthening of the military-industrial complex. By rejecting the American disarmament option, the USSR had to be drawn into an arms race that it could never win.

In December 1981, international negotiations on armaments in Europe, provided for by NATO's “dual solution,” took place in Geneva. American diplomacy proposed the “zero option,” which provided for a refusal to deploy missiles in Western Europe, provided that the USSR destroyed its medium-range missiles in both the European and Asian parts of the country. The Soviet side refused, citing the need to take into account the nuclear weapons of France and Great Britain in such total disarmament. In 1983, despite the continuation of the Geneva negotiations, the United States began deploying Pershings in Europe. In response, the new Soviet leader Yuri Andropov interrupted the negotiations in Geneva and soon announced the redeployment of Soviet submarines with nuclear weapons closer to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. The deployment of Soviet long-range operational-tactical missiles began on the territory of the GDR and Czechoslovakia.

Despite the toughening of the USSR's position, the United States continued to increase political pressure. When on September 1, 1983, a South Korean Boeing passenger plane, mistaken for a reconnaissance aircraft, was shot down over Soviet territorial waters, the United States provoked a noisy anti-Soviet propaganda campaign in the world media. The activities of Western human rights organizations raising the issue of human rights violations in the USSR were used for the same purpose. The United States continued to actively support the anti-communist opposition in Poland. Unprecedented steps were taken to limit economic ties with the USSR and socialist countries. In order to make the effect of the embargo more noticeable, the American administration prohibited trade with the USSR by American subsidiaries operating in Western Europe, as well as Western European companies producing equipment under American licenses. Such categorical behavior caused a protest from the European allies of the United States, especially since many of them at that time took part in a very profitable project to build a Soviet gas pipeline in Europe.

In March 1983, without consulting his EIATO allies, Reagan came up with the ambitious SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) project. It was a long-term program to use outer space for military purposes. It was supposed to create a weapons system capable of destroying nuclear missiles in flight using laser guns placed on military satellites in space. The SDI project raised doubts both from a technical point of view, and in connection with the enormous costs ahead, and in terms of its international legal consequences (it contradicted the treaties on missile defense and the principles of the use of outer space). In addition, it was obvious that the SDI system was not capable of providing protection to European countries. Due to all these considerations, most NATO countries did not support the project.

Despite disagreements with its allies, the Reagan administration set a course for using forceful methods to solve any “local problems.” In 1982, American paratroopers landed in Lebanon to support the regime of Amin Gemayel in the fight against Shiites and Palestinian militants. In 1983, the Americans carried out a military operation in Grenada, achieving the removal of the center-left government, and also began to provide military support to the Habré government in Chad. In 1983-1984 American arms supplies and generous funding made it possible to transform the Contra guerrilla groups that opposed the Nicaraguan Sandinista regime into a real army. Support for the government of El Salvador, which was fighting a pro-communist insurgency, also intensified.

In conditions of extreme complications in the international situation, the Soviet government made attempts to normalize the situation. In 1983, the USSR was declared ready to consider ways out of the Afghan crisis. At the XXXVI session of the UN General Assembly in August 1983, the Soviet delegation introduced a draft of a new “Treaty on the Prohibition of the Use of Force in Outer Space and from Outer Space in Relation to the Earth.” International meetings and conferences of the CSCE participating countries continued. After the death of Yu. Andropov on February 9, 1984, a “rollback” began again. The Soviet government authorized large-scale military operations in Afghanistan and forced the countries of its bloc to boycott the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. But the Soviet Union itself was already on the verge of radical political changes. On March 11, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the country's leader. His policy of “perestroika” and “new political thinking” opened a new page in the history of international relations.