Concepts about bim technologies in construction design. BIM technologies in design

Methods and tools of modern design in the construction industry have long used elements of computer analysis and modeling. Using automated graphical and mathematical representations, it is possible to accurately develop an individual concept for the construction of a specific facility, taking into account the requirements for its operational characteristics and the external conditions of future use. A new stage in the development of this area has become BIM technology, which does not process individual parameters of a building, but considers it comprehensively and, depending on adjustments to certain indicators, automatically changes the properties of other components.

General information about the technology

The transition from classical methods for developing design and technical solutions to tools for analysis and automated preparation of documentation has been going on for several years now, and the very idea of ​​modeling with accurate calculations without the participation of architectural services did not arise out of nowhere. At this stage, BIM technologies in construction make it possible to create graphic objects based on stored data, drawings and reports.

Of course, the initial information is collected by special teams of designers, but the further development of the object model is completely entrusted to the automated BIM complex. It is important to emphasize that the system does not only perform structural calculations followed by the presentation of a computer image. It simulates the life cycle of a building, allowing you to evaluate third-party influences on its elements, communications and equipment. Maintenance personnel also have the opportunity to experiment by making adjustments to the parameters of the object and monitoring the reaction of other components to the changes made.

Benefits of BIM technology

The fundamental difference of this design approach is the ability to present three-dimensional models of buildings. Similar information systems ensured the construction of objects in two-dimensional planes, and BIM modeling tools made it possible to clearly visualize a three-dimensional 3D image. Another advantage is variability. This means that even after the final modeling stage, developers can use several options for designing an object, adjusting it to certain characteristics. The advantage of the method as minimizing the margin of error is also significant. The fact is that BIM technology is based on high-level machine calculations, which practically reduces the risk of incorrect calculations to zero. Ultimately, the customer also benefits financially, since design automation eliminates a number of steps that require significant financial investments.

Elements of Information Modeling

At a basic level, a graphical representation of the future building is created. This fragment of the project is the backbone, built on technical calculations. In the same complex, separate blocks can be formed that are responsible for the execution of specific parts - communications, structures, equipment, communication lines, etc. It should be emphasized that already in this system the relationship between the components is organized and, depending on the nature of the interaction, they can influence each other, automatically changing their parameters. An important element is also the ability to manage the above-mentioned life cycle. Initially, BIM technologies in design were conceived not just as a technical tool, but also as a means of regulating the process of using an object. For example, reconstruction is planned in a building that has already been constructed. The program will allow you to assess how appropriate this or that tactic for implementing a project to revise the structure will be.

Toolkit for BIM modeling

All elements of creating a virtual project are performed using powerful software. Sets of libraries are also used, on the basis of which modeling is implemented. In turn, users manage the system through GUI and API interfaces, which allow them to enter source data in a convenient format, edit them and receive materials ready for processing. Provides BIM technology and the use of specialized systems for a narrowly focused analysis of individual qualities of a house. Some of them produce context modeling using different schemes depending on the tasks at hand. For example, using programs for determining physical parameters, it is possible to calculate the critical points of the centers of mass in a building, which will make it possible to optimize the object in terms of the risks of collapse or deformation of individual parts.

BIM modeling stages

The process of project implementation using the BIM system is based on three stages - direct development of a technical solution, construction and operation. At the first stage, initial information is collected, processed with structural calculation tools and, if necessary, an estimate is drawn up. In parallel with the automated procedure for generating an object model, the project is approved. At the next stage, the ready-made solution is implemented in practice - construction and installation operations are carried out. What place can BIM technologies occupy in construction? Using the same software, calculations are made for the use of optimal materials, installation work plans and a logistics model are generated that optimizes the overall process of organizing events. At the operational stage, information modeling can be used when choosing the most effective approaches to reconstruction, repair or modernization of a facility.

Introduction of BIM technology

Construction and design companies are integrating information modeling tools in a comprehensive format. The implementation process involves the development and installation of target software, its customization for specific tasks and personnel training. At the initial stage, BIM technologies in design are used as pilot tools. The trial period allows you to identify errors in the work of maintenance personnel, as well as make amendments to the methodology for carrying out design modeling, adjusted for the area of ​​use of the system.

Application of technology

Currently, this complex is successfully used in the construction of multi-story buildings. The industrial sector also actively uses advanced computer design tools. In particular, this applies to mining facilities, manufacturing facilities, engineering structures and communication systems. It is worth noting the use of BIM technologies in management systems. Large companies use modeling tools to improve staff efficiency and optimize costs.

Finally

The key difference between the traditional approach to project development and the use of automated systems is the degree of accuracy, error elimination and flexibility in quality control. In addition, BIM information modeling technology makes it possible to design on a large scale. Already today, based on this concept, more advanced tools are appearing that make it possible to combine into one structure not only the elements of one object, but, for example, several buildings. Thus, the range of coverage of the target model, which may include groups of residential and industrial buildings, expands.

The MEGA-STROY company offers a full range of professional services for the design of industrial and residential buildings using modern BIM technologies. BIM design solves many diverse problems and allows you to predict the final result before the start of construction work.

BIM building modeling

Today, information modeling is a key link in the development of projects during the construction of buildings. Architects of the 21st century use in their work not classic Whatman paper and drawing ink, but functional computer design tools. This is understandable and logical, as it allows us to achieve maximum visualization of the future project and track many parameters of the building’s operation before the delivery of the finished object.

BIM modeling is a complex multi-stage process, which is based on A complex approach to the implementation of the project. It is impossible to convey the essence of technology in a nutshell, especially since there is still no clear and precise definition for it. Some experts argue that the BIM model is a ready-made project, others focus not on the final result, but on the process. By combining these two popular points of view into a single concept, you can get a complete understanding of the essence of modern BIM design.

The use of BIM technology allows you to analyze the full life cycle of a future structure, starting from the design stage and ending with repair activities during future operation. Comprehensive collection and processing of data is carried out at all stages, while detailed architectural, cost estimate, technical, engineering, and economic information is taken into development.

The uniqueness of the three-dimensional BIM model of a building lies in its “mobility”, due to the fact that all components of the system are interdependent and interconnected. For example, the customer can easily calculate the expected costs of electricity used when increasing the area of ​​any residential or industrial premises, etc. A building model obtained using Building Information Modeling technology not only has realistic, detailed visualization, but also the ability to reproduce realistically predicted situations.

The ability to clearly see the operation process of a future building and predict various options for events at any stage makes each BIM model a unique tool for the work of architects, designers, builders, economists, engineers and other specialists involved in the project. This model allows you to draw up accurate estimates, make smart decisions about hiring labor, laying utilities, etc. A comprehensive analysis of the life cycle of a building is a reliable guarantee of its strength and profitability (if we are talking about an industrial building).

3D Design Principles and Applications

To create detailed models of buildings and structures using Building Information Modeling technology, various software is used, however, it is always based on general design principles:

The construction of any building is a complex process that requires competent interaction of many highly specialized employees. The secret of the popularity of BIM design is largely due to the fact that the BIM model gives the opportunity to participate in the development of the project to all these specialists, as well as investors, financiers, and housing and communal services.

The main areas of practical use of complex BIM models include:

• drawing up project plans and accurate financial estimates;
• control over the progress of construction and finishing works;
• quantity calculation building materials;
• calculation of technical and operational indicators of the facility;
• coordinating the operation of the building in accordance with the specifics of the surrounding infrastructure;
• forecasting the cost of current and major repairs, restoration, redevelopment;
• regulation of operating conditions;
• completion of operation, conditions and procedure for demolition of the building.

The history of the emergence of BIM design technology

The founders of BIM design are considered to be the Americans Chuck Eastman and Robert Eisch. Eastman first introduced the term “information model” into use by design specialists, using it in one of his scientific articles. A few years later, Robert Eisch concretized the concept of infomodeling, formulating its basic principles for creating complex three-dimensional building projects. Eisch's main merit was that he showed the clear practical value of using construction models, where all structural components were subject to a single automated change algorithm. His theory was successfully applied in the construction of the Heathrow Airport building, after which it received worldwide recognition and began to be widely used by specialists.

Benefits of using technology

Among the main advantages of the practical use of BIM design technology, the following are worth highlighting:

Advantages of BIM modeling compared to other technologies

BIM technologies, which are becoming increasingly popular, have many advantages over other design methods, for example, traditional CAD technologies.

These advantages include:

• Shorter project development times. Thanks to a single digital space, interaction between employees involved in different areas of design occurs in a simple and understandable way. The scope of responsibilities is strictly delineated, which avoids the risk of repetitions and duplication of similar operations, as well as the loss of important information data.
• Quick payback of the project cost. As a rule, highly specialized specialists from one company work on the development of a BIM model of a building or structure. In this case, the customer saves significant money on outsourcing and hiring additional labor to make corrections and adjustments to the project.
• High level of integration with any additional digital design products.
• Versatile tools for quickly implementing adjustments and changes make the modeling process fully automated.
• 100% accuracy when calculating estimated cost and development of technical specifications.

Statistics on the implementation of BIM projects in numbers

Immediately after the introduction of Building Information Modeling into the design process, detailed collection and analysis of data on the effectiveness and profitability of the method began. Today we can talk about specific figures that clearly show how appropriate it is to use BIM technologies in construction.

Statistical studies show the following:

• minimizing financial costs for construction and finishing works is 30%;
• reduction in the number of errors and errors in pre-design and design documentation – 40%;
• reduction in project implementation time – 50%;
• reduction in coordination time for all work on the project – 90%;
• reduction in construction time - 10%.

No less impressive are the indicators of the time required to verify the prepared project by customers and investors. Compared to other technologies, time costs are reduced by almost 6 times.

Main design stages

The process of creating a universal integrated BIM model can be divided into two main stages of detailing:

• development of graphic content (LOD);
• development of information attributive non-graphical content of the model (LOI).

Work in both directions is carried out in parallel, with a gradual increase in working aspects from the LOD/LOI 100 level to the LOD/LOI 500 level, in the following sequence:

• LOD/LOI-100. Concept. A concept is being developed - the attributes are approximate overall dimensions and shape. The design object is presented in the form of formative components.
• LOD/LOI-200. Stage of pre-design decisions. The attributes of the design object here are the approximate overall dimensions, shape and location in space.
• LOD/LOI-300. (Stage P). Development of a detailed design - the attributes are exact overall dimensions, total weight, cross-sectional area. The design is based on the requirements of GOSTs in accordance with agreed data on materials and construction technologies.
• LOD/LOI-400. (Stage P). The design object is presented in the form of a specific assembly with a high degree of detail of all parameters and important non-graphical information.
• LOD/LOI-500. Construction and operation - attributes are overall dimensions, brands, number and weight of fasteners, type of installation, reference indicators of axial profiles and corresponding non-graphical data.

3D modeling of buildings in construction – myths and reality

Since this technology is only gaining strength in the domestic construction market, heated debates and discussions are constantly flaring up around it. Like any innovation, BIM modeling seems to many specialists to be an expensive and unnecessary tool for daily routine work. However, it is not. The cost of a three-dimensional model developed by MEGA-STROY specialists will not exceed the cost of a similar CAD project, and its quality and functionality will be several times higher.

There are several other common misconceptions associated with the use of BIM technology:

• It is incorrect to say that a project developed using BIM modeling is a building model made in graphic, volumetric or documentary form. This approach is fundamentally wrong, as it distorts the very essence of the BIM modeling process. The development of a Beam project is a complex of interconnected actions of different specialists using modern digital software. As a result of their joint and coordinated efforts, a real model of the future structure is obtained, in which all factors of reality are taken into account with maximum detail.
• It is incorrect to say that a BIM project is a model of a building in 3D format. Yes, externally the project looks like a full-fledged 3D design, however, it will not have its functionality without the other main component - the information “filling”. It is based on schedules, estimates, drawings, site plans, geodetic studies and much more.
• It is incorrect to say that BIM modeling is the use of one specific computer program. Programming is important, but not the only aspect. In addition, there are many programs working within the framework of BIM modeling, and they all must be integrated into a single coordination center. The package of software tools can vary greatly depending on each specific situation, for example, in custom and industrial construction.

What else do you need to know about BIM modeling before ordering a project?

For all its uniqueness and versatility, BIM modeling is not an isolated, self-contained system. The quality of the final result will only be guaranteed by the professionalism of the specialists involved, who skillfully operate the tools used in close cooperation with each other.

The BIM model is able to predict and identify errors at all stages of project creation, however, it is not able to correct them on its own. People will do this. Not a single, even the most advanced, program can replace the talent of an architect or planner. The BIM model will help to calculate the cost of many financing options, but the project customer must make a choice in favor of one or another scheme.

Stages of interaction with the customer

• Preparation. This stage involves coordination with the customer on the most important issues– planned construction technologies, equipment and materials. It is also important to determine the standards by which complex design will be carried out.
• Working with the BIM model. At this stage, in parallel with the design, control is carried out by the customer at each level of detail. Communication can be carried out through any convenient channels, including through cloud services with a high level of security. The BIM model is sent to the customer in *.DWF or *.PDF format with subsequent provision of feedback in the form of comments, remarks and suggestions.
• The final stage. Upon completion of all work, the customer receives a BIM model in in electronic format in *.PDF (set of drawings) and *.RVT (information model) formats. If necessary, customer specialists are trained in the professional use of design results.

How to order BIM building design

For our company’s specialists to start working on your project, just contact our office or contact us by phone or email. We will answer all questions in detail and calculate the preliminary cost of the work in accordance with the current fixed tariffs. As soon as you make a positive decision, we will enter into an agreement and begin completing the task. A personal manager-consultant will work with you, coordinating the process of interaction with customer representatives.

Advantages of ordering a BIM building project from MEGA-STROY

Developing automated BIM projects at a professional level, the MEGA-STROY company is constantly expanding and improving the list of services provided. Today we use the best software and intellectual resources of experienced specialists. By contacting our company, you are guaranteed to receive a number of important advantages from mutually beneficial cooperation with competent professionals:

• efficiency of completing a task of any degree of complexity;
• affordable prices for all types of services;
• full consulting and information support at all stages of cooperation;
• assistance in obtaining a building permit, as well as assistance in carrying out construction and restoration work on the project created by BIM.

We are interested in the trust of our clients and always honestly and accurately fulfill our obligations. All work on the development of BIM models of buildings and structures is carried out in strict accordance with the norms of Russian legislation and the agreement concluded with the customer.

The turn of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, associated with the rapid development information technologies, was marked by the emergence of a fundamentally new approach in architectural and construction design, which consists in creating a computer model of a new building that contains all the information about the future object.

This has become a natural human reaction to the radically changed information richness of the life around us. In modern conditions, it has become impossible to effectively process by previous means the huge (and steadily increasing) flow of “information for thought” that precedes and accompanies the design itself.

Moreover, the flow of this information does not stop even after the building has already been designed and built, since the new object enters the operation stage, its interaction with other objects occurs and environment, that is, in modern terms, the active phase of the “life cycle” of the building begins.

So the concept that emerged as a reaction to the current situation building information modeling is much more than just a new design method.

This is also a fundamentally different approach to the construction, equipment, maintenance and repair of a building, to the management of the life cycle of an object, including its economic component, to the management of the man-made habitat that surrounds us.

This is a changed attitude towards buildings and structures in general.

Finally, this is our new look at the world around us and a rethinking of the ways in which humans influence this world.

The approach to the design of buildings through their information modeling involves, first of all, the collection and complex processing in the design process of all architectural, design, technological, economic and other information about the building with all its interrelations and dependencies, when the building and everything related to it are considered as a single object.

Correct definition of these relationships, as well as accurate classification, well-organized structuring and reliability of the data used is the key to the success of information modeling.

If you look closely, it is not difficult to see that with such a concept, fundamental design decisions again remain in human hands, and the computer again performs only the technical function of processing information assigned to it.

But the main difference between the new approach and previous design methods is that the resulting volume of technical work performed by a computer is of a fundamentally different nature, and a person can no longer cope with it.

The new approach to facility design is called Building Information Modeling or for short BIM(from adopted in English language term Building Information Modeling).

Brief history of terminology

The term BIM appeared in the lexicon of specialists relatively recently, although the concept of computer modeling with maximum consideration of all information about an object began to take shape and take concrete shape much earlier. Since the end of the twentieth century, this approach to design has gradually “matured” within the rapidly developing CAD technologies.

Concept Building information model was first proposed by Georgia Tech professor Chuck Eastman in 1975 in the Journal of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) under the working title " Building Description System» (Building Description System).

In the late 1970s - early 1980s, this concept developed in parallel in the Old and New Worlds, with the term most often used in the USA "Building Product Model", and in Europe (especially in Finland) - "Product Information Model". Moreover, both times the word Product emphasized the primary focus of researchers’ attention on the design object, and not on the process. It can be assumed that the simple linguistic combination of these two names led to the birth of the “Building Information Model”.

In parallel, in the development of approaches to building information modeling by Europeans in the mid-1980s, the German term "Bauinformatik" and Dutch "Gebouwmodel", which in translation also corresponded to English "Building Model" or "Building Information Model".

These linguistic convergences of terminology were accompanied by the development of a common content for the concepts used, which ultimately led to the first appearance in the scientific literature in 1992 of the term "Building Information Model" in its current content.

A little earlier, in 1986, the Englishman Robert Aish, at that time the creator of the RUCAPS program, then for a long period an employee of Bentley Systemes, who recently moved to Autodesk, used the term for the first time in his article "Building Modeling" in its current understanding as building information modeling.

But, more importantly, he was the first to formulate the basic principles of this information approach to design: three-dimensional modeling; automatic receipt of drawings; intelligent parameterization of objects; corresponding to database objects; distribution of the construction process by time stages, etc.

Robert Eisch illustrated the new design approach with the successful use of RUCAPS building modeling software during the renovation of Terminal 3 at London Heathrow Airport. Apparently, this experience of 25 years ago is the first case of using BIM technology in global design and construction practice.

Since about 2002, thanks to the efforts of many authors and enthusiasts of a new approach to design, the concept "Building Information Model" leading software developers also introduced this concept into use, making this concept one of the key ones in their terminology.

Subsequently, as a result of the activities of companies such as primarily Autodesk, the abbreviation BIM firmly entered the lexicon of specialists in computer-aided design technologies and became widespread, and the whole world now knows it.

Historically, some developers of computer programs related to building information modeling, in addition to the generally accepted ones, also use their own terminology.

For example, Graphisoft, the creator of the widely used ArchiCAD package, introduced the concept VB(Virtual Building) – a virtual building, which essentially has something in common with BIM.

Sometimes you can find a phrase similar in meaning electronic construction(e-construction).

But today the term BIM, which has already received universal recognition and wide distribution in the world, is considered dominant in this area.

What is meant by BIM

If we now move on to the internal content of the term, today there are several of its definitions, which in their main semantic part coincide, while differing in nuances.

I think this is caused primarily by the fact that different specialists came to the concept of building information modeling in different ways, so some understand BIM as a product, for others BIM is a modeling process, some define and consider BIM from the point of view of practical implementation, and some -who generally defines this concept through its negation, explaining in detail what “non-BIM” is.

Our goal is to convey to the reader the essence of building information modeling, so we will pay less attention to the formal side of the issue, at times “mixing” different formulations and appealing to common sense and intuitive understanding.

Now let’s formulate a definition that is more consistent with Autodesk’s current approach to BIM and, from the author’s point of view, most accurately reveals the very essence of the concept.

Building Information Model (BIM)(Building Information Model) is:

• well coordinated, harmonized and interconnected,
• amenable to calculation and analysis,
• having a geometric reference,
• suitable for computer use,
• allowing for necessary updates

numerical information about a projected or existing object that can be used for:

1. making specific design decisions,
2. creating high-quality design documentation,
3. predicting the operational qualities of an object,
4. drawing up estimates and construction plans,
5. ordering and manufacturing of materials and equipment,
6. building construction management,
7. management and operation of the building itself and technical equipment throughout the entire life cycle,
8. management of a building as an object of commercial activity,
9. design and management of reconstruction or renovation of a building,
10. demolition and disposal of the building,
11. other purposes related to the building.

A schematic diagram of BIM-related information flowing into and out of the model is shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Basic information passing through BIM and directly related to BIM.

In other words, BIM is all information about an object that has a numerical description and is properly organized, used both at the stage of design and construction of a building, and during its operation and even demolition.

As you already understand, the abbreviation BIM can be used both to refer directly to the building information model itself and to the information modeling process, and, as a rule, no misunderstandings arise.

A number of literary sources also use a smaller version of this abbreviation. bim(the so-called “small BIM”) is a general designation for the entire class of software working in the technology of “big BIM” - building information modeling.

The concept formulated by Dassault Systemes in 1998 is very close to BIM PLM(Product Lifecycle Management) – product life cycle management, which is actively used today by almost the entire mechanical engineering CAD industry.

In this case, all kinds of technically complex objects can be considered as products: airplanes and ships, cars and rockets, buildings and their systems, computer networks, etc.

The PLM concept assumes that a single information base is created that describes the three main components of creating something new according to the scheme Product - Processes - Resources, as well as the connections between these components.

The presence of such a unified model provides the ability to quickly and effectively link and optimize the entire specified chain.

So we can say with great confidence that BIM and PLM are “twin brothers”, or, more precisely, that BIM is a reflection and clarification of the PLM concept in a specialized field of human activity - architectural and construction design. It is quite logical that, by analogy with PLM, the term BLM (Building Lifecycle Management) even began to appear - building life cycle management.

At the same time, due to the specifics of architectural and construction production and its difference from mechanical engineering, it is worth recognizing that BIM is still not PLM.

Practical benefits of a building information model

However, terminology is not the main thing. The use of a building information model significantly facilitates working with an object and has many advantages over previous forms of design.

First of all, it allows you to virtually put together, select for their intended purpose, calculate, connect and coordinate the components and systems of a future structure created by different specialists and organizations, “at the tip of the pen” to check in advance their viability, functional suitability and performance qualities, and also to avoid the most unpleasant thing for designers is internal inconsistencies (collisions) (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Project of a new building for the New World Symphony Higher Music School in Miami (USA) by architect Frank Gehry, developed using BIM technology (design began in 2006). The components of a single model are shown separately: the outer shell of the building, the supporting frame, a set of engineering equipment and the internal organization of the premises.

Unlike traditional computer design systems that create geometric images, the result of building information modeling is usually an object-oriented digital model of both the entire facility and its construction process.

Most often, work on creating a building information model is carried out in two stages.

First, certain blocks (families) are developed - primary design elements corresponding to both building products (windows, doors, floor slabs, etc.), and equipment elements (heating and lighting devices, elevators, etc.) and much more. , which is directly related to the building, but is produced outside the construction site and is not divided into parts during the construction of the object.

The second stage is modeling of what is created on the construction site. These are foundations, walls, roofs, curtain facades and much more. This involves the widespread use of pre-created elements, for example, fastening or framing parts when forming the curtain walls of a building.

Thus, the logic of building information modeling, contrary to the fears of some skeptics, has left the area of ​​programming that is incomprehensible to designers and builders and corresponds to the usual understanding of how to build a house, how to equip it and how to live in it.

This greatly facilitates and simplifies the work with BIM for both designers and all other categories of builders, and then operators.

As for the division into stages (first and second) when creating BIM, it is quite conditional - you can, for example, insert windows into a modeled object, and then, for newly emerging reasons, change them, and the already changed ones will be used in the project window.

The information model of the designed facility, built by specialists, then becomes the basis and is actively used to create working documentation of all types, develop and manufacture building structures and parts, complete the facility, order and install technological equipment, economic calculations, organize the construction of the building itself, as well as technical and organizational solutions -economic issues of subsequent operation (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Construction of the new building of the American higher music school New World Symphony (started in 2008) and its future appearance (construction is scheduled to be completed in 2010). Building with an area of ​​10,000 sq. m, the hall is designed for 700 spectators, adapted for webcasts and recording concerts, as well as 360-degree video projections, on the top floor there is a music library, a conducting studio, as well as 26 individual rehearsal rooms and six for joint rehearsals of several musicians . The estimated cost of the facility is $200 million.

The information model exists throughout the entire life cycle of the building, and even longer. The information contained in it can be changed, supplemented, replaced, reflecting the current state of the building.

This approach to design, when an object is considered not only in space, but also in time, that is, “3D plus time,” is often called 4D, and “4D plus information” is usually denoted already 5D. Although, on the other hand, in a number of publications under 4D can understand "3D plus specifications".

As we can see, there is still no complete unity in these fashionable quantities of D, but this is just a matter of time. The main thing is the internal content of the new design concept.

BIM technology has already shown the possibility of achieving high speed, volume and quality of construction, as well as significant budget savings.

For example, when creating the most complex in shape and internal equipment of the new building of the Museum of Art in the American city of Denver, an information model specially developed for this object was used to organize the interaction of subcontractors in the design and construction of the building frame (metal and reinforced concrete) and the development and installation of plumbing and electrical systems .

According to the general contractor, only the purely organizational use of BIM (the model was created to work out the interaction of subcontractors and optimize the work schedule) reduced the construction period by 14 months and led to savings of approximately 400 thousand dollars with an estimated cost of the project of 70 million dollars (Fig. 4) .

Rice. 4. Museum of Art in Denver (USA), Frederick S. Hamilton building. Architect Daniel Libeskind, 2006.

But one of the most important achievements of BIM is the ability to achieve almost complete compliance of the operational characteristics of a new building with the customer’s requirements.

Because BIM technology allows you to recreate the object itself with a high degree of reliability with all the structures, materials, engineering equipment and processes occurring in it and debug the main design solutions on a virtual model.

In other ways, such verification of design solutions for correctness is not feasible - you will simply have to build a life-size model of the building. What happened periodically in the past (and still happens now) is that the correctness of design calculations was checked on an already created object, when it was almost impossible to correct anything.

It is especially important to emphasize that the building information model is a virtual model, the result of the use of computer technology. Ideally, BIM is a virtual copy of the building. At the initial stage of creating a model, we have a certain set of information, almost always incomplete, but sufficient to start working as a first approximation. The information entered into the model is then updated as it becomes available, and the model becomes richer.

Thus, the process of creating BIM is always extended in time (it is almost continuous), since it can have an unlimited number of “clarifications”.

And the information model of the building itself is a very dynamic and constantly developing formation, “living” an independent life.

It should be understood that BIM physically exists only in computer memory. And it can only be used through those software tools (set of programs) in which it was created.

BIM and information exchange

The result of the development of computer-aided design is the fact that today work based on CAD technologies seems to be quite organized and streamlined.

Now, approximately 25 years after its appearance, the DWG file format created by the AutoCAD package has taken the place of an unofficial but generally accepted standard for working with a project in CAD programs and has already begun to live a life independent of its creator.

The same applies to the DXF format, developed by Autodesk for data exchange between various CAD programs and others, including computing systems.

Now almost all CAD programs can accept and save information in these formats, although their own “native” file formats sometimes differ significantly from the latter.

Thus, we state once again that the file formats created by the AutoCAD package have become a kind of “unifier” of information for CAD programs, and this did not happen by command from above or by the decision of some general meeting of software developers, but was historically determined by the very logic of the natural development of automated design in the world.

As for BIM, today the form, content and methods of working on building information modeling are entirely determined by the software used by architects (designers), of which there is now a lot for BIM.

Since the widespread introduction of BIM technology into global design practice is currently (by historical standards) at its initial stage, a unified standard has not yet been developed for files of software systems that create information models of buildings, or for the exchange of data between them, although such an understanding is maturing and attempts The development of common “rules of the game” is already underway.

It seems that some more time must pass for the global design community to develop generally accepted “templates” for BIM that unify the rules for the transfer, storage and use of information.

Perhaps a solution to this issue will be found by analogy with CAD systems, when one of the BIM complexes spontaneously becomes the most popular.

Unfortunately, due to the reason just mentioned for the lack of a unified standard, transferring an information model from one software platform to another without loss of data and significant rework (often almost everything must be repeated again) is not yet possible.

So, architects, builders, related professionals and other specialists working in BIM today significantly depend on the correct choice of the software used, especially at the initial stage of their activities, since in the future they will be firmly tied to it, in fact they will become its “hostages”.

Of course, this state of affairs does not contribute to the development of building information modeling. Designers who have switched to BIM technology are entirely dependent on the level of development of information technology, the level of understanding of the problem and the skill of the creators of computer programs. They are limited in their professional activity the framework that programmers provide them. This is bad, but there is nothing else yet.

On the other hand, in mechanical engineering, for example, the level of development of aviation directly depends on the level of development of machine tool industry. And this does not hinder progress. If everything is coordinated correctly on the scale of entire industries. On the contrary, the needs of aviation largely stimulate the development of machine tool industry.

A paradoxical conclusion arises - the further development of architectural and construction design will depend on the level of development of programming. Perhaps not everyone will like it, but it is already a reality.

As well as the fact that problems arising in design stimulate the development of information technology. Everything is interconnected.

Forms for obtaining information from the model

A building information model today is a specially organized and structured set of data from one or more files, allowing the output to be both graphical and any other numerical representation, suitable for subsequent use by various software tools for designing, calculating and analyzing the building and all its components. components and systems.

The building information model itself, as an organized set of data about the object, is directly used by the program that created it. But it is also important for specialists to be able to take information from the model in a convenient form and widely use it in their professional activities outside the framework of a specific BIM program.

This raises another important task of information modeling - to provide the user with data about an object in a wide range of formats that are technologically suitable for further processing by computer or other means.

Therefore, modern BIM programs assume that the information contained in the model about a building for external use can be obtained in a wide range of types, the minimum list of which has now been quite clearly defined by the professional community and does not cause any debate (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Types of graphical representation of the building information model. Tatiana Kozlova. Architectural monument “House of Composers” in Novosibirsk. The model was made in Revit Architecture. NGASU (Sibstrin), 2009.

Such generally accepted forms of displaying or transmitting building information contained in BIM primarily include:

All this variety of forms of output information ensures the versatility and effectiveness of BIM as a new approach in building design and guarantees its decisive position in the architecture and construction industry in the near future.

Rice. 7. Tatyana Kozlova. Architectural monument “House of Composers” in Novosibirsk: three-dimensional section of the building. The model was made in Revit Architecture. NGASU (Sibstrin), 2009.

Challenging major misconceptions about BIM

To better understand the nature of building information modeling, it is also useful to clarify what BIM cannot and is not.

BIM is not a single building model or a single database. Usually this is a whole interconnected and complex complex of such models and databases, generated by various programs and interconnected using the same programs. And the perception of BIM as a monosyllabic model is one of the earliest and most common misconceptions.

BIM is not "artificial intelligence". For example, information about a building collected in the model can be analyzed to detect possible inconsistencies and collisions in the project. But the ways to eliminate these contradictions are entirely in the hands of man, since the design logic itself cannot yet be described mathematically.

For example, if you reduce the amount of insulation on a building in the model, then the BIM program will not think for you what to do: either add (purchase) more insulation, or reduce the area of ​​​​the premises, or strengthen the heating system, or move the building to a new place with a warmer climate, etc. This is something the designer must decide for himself.

Almost certainly in the future computer programs They will gradually begin to replace humans in the simplest (routine) intellectual operations in design, as they are already replacing in drawing, but it is too early to talk about this in real practice. When this happens, it will be fair to say that a new stage in design development has begun.

BIM is not perfect. Since it is created by people and receives information from people, and people are fallible, there will still be errors. These errors can appear directly when entering data, when creating BIM programs, even during computer operation. But there are fundamentally fewer of these errors than in the case when a person manipulates information himself. And there are much more internal levels of software control for data correctness. So today BIM is the best there is.

BIM is not a specific computer program. This is a new design technology. And computer programs (Revit, Digital Project, Bently Architecture, Allplan, ArchiCAD, etc.) are just tools for its implementation, which are constantly being developed and improved. But these computer programs determine the current level of development of building information modeling; without them, BIM technology is meaningless.

BIM is not just 3D. This is also a mass of additional information (object attributes), which goes far beyond just the geometric perception of these objects. No matter how good the geometric model and its visualization are, objects must also have quantitative information for analysis. If it is more convenient for someone, we can consider that BIM is 5D. Still, it's not about the number of D. BIM is BIM. But only 3D is not BIM.

BIM is not necessarily 3D. These also include numerical characteristics, tables, specifications, prices, calendar charts, email addresses, etc. And if solving design problems does not require a three-dimensional model of the structure, then there will be no 3D. Simply put, BIM is just as much D as you need, plus numerical data for analysis.

BIM is parametrically defined objects. The behavior (properties, geometric dimensions, location, etc.) of created objects is determined by sets of parameters and depends on these parameters.

BIM is not a set of 2D projections that collectively describe the building being designed. Instead, all projections are derived from the information model.

In BIM, any change in the model simultaneously appears in all views. Otherwise, conditions are created for possible errors that will be difficult to track down.

BIM is an incomplete (frozen) model. The information model of any building is constantly evolving, updated as necessary with new information and adjusted to take into account changing conditions and new understanding of design or operational tasks. In the vast majority of cases, this is a “living”, developing model. And if understood correctly, its lifespan completely covers the life cycle of a real object.

BIM benefits more than just large projects. There are many benefits on large sites. On small ones, the absolute value of this benefit is less, but the small objects themselves are usually larger, so again there is a lot of benefit. A building information model is always effective.

BIM does not replace people. Moreover, BIM technology cannot exist without a person and requires from him greater professionalism, a better, comprehensive understanding of the creative process of building design and greater responsibility in his work. But BIM makes human work more efficient.

BIM does not work automatically. The designer will still have to collect information (or manage the process of collecting information) on certain problems. But BIM technology significantly automates and therefore facilitates the process of collecting, processing, systematizing, storing and using such information. Just like the entire building design process.

BIM does not require people to “dumbly stuff data”. The creation of an information model is carried out according to the usual and understandable logic for constructing a building, where main role his qualifications and intelligence play a role. And the construction of the model itself is carried out mainly by traditional graphical means for design, including in interactive mode.

Which, by the way, does not completely exclude the possibility of entering some (for example, text) data from the keyboard.

BIM does not make the “old guard” of specialists unnecessary. Of course, any guard sooner or later becomes “old”. But experience and professional skill are needed in any business, especially when designing using building information modeling technology, and they usually come over the years. Another thing is that former specialists (all of them, not just the “old ones”) will have to make some efforts (some even considerable) when mastering new tools and switching to new technology. But practice shows that this is all from the realm of the real.

Mastering BIM is not a matter for a select few and does not require a lot of time. More precisely, it takes exactly the same amount of time to master BIM as it takes to professionally master any other technology - “the period of initial training plus the whole life.”

Incredible reduction in costs and construction time?

The UK authorities have set the following main goals for the construction industry until 2025:

• Reduce costs by 33% at the capital expenditure and operation stages;
• Reduce construction time by 50%;
• Reduce harmful emissions by 50%.

These numbers may be shocking. Is it really possible with the help of BIM technologies to build a residential complex not for 10 billion rubles, but for 7? And not in two years, but in a year?

Let's figure it out.

The British decided to carry out several pilot projects and analyze the economic benefits of using BIM based on typical government-funded facilities, in particular schools. As a result, schools built using BIM were 30% cheaper. This is where, by the way, this famous figure came from.

Is it possible to transfer these values ​​to commercial and non-standard projects? Probably not.

Based on a survey of about 200 Russian companies in Russia, we can conclude that theoretically possible savings during the construction phase could amount to 10%.

The same study shows that the main complaint of developers is the need to carry out additional work that arose due to shortcomings in the project. At the same time, 85% of respondents believe that the reasons for additional work on the construction site are poor design and detailing of projects, as well as inconsistencies between related projects.

Who plantsBIM?

It is believed that the initiator of the implementation of BIM is government authorities.

For example, in the UK, government orders account for approximately 40% of the construction market.

Therefore, the incentive to switch to BIM was the opportunity to participate in government orders, since contractors who did not use these technologies did not meet the qualification requirements and could not fulfill orders for new construction, reconstruction and major renovation at any facilities with government participation.

The Singapore authorities acted even tougher; all projects with an area of ​​more than 5,000 sq.m. are submitted to the examination for a construction permit exclusively in the form of a BIM model. Therefore, already in 2015, 100% of design organizations switched to building information modeling technology.

In Denmark, since 2013, all state and municipal projects worth over 700,000 euros, as well as all projects worth over 2,700,000 euros implemented with government loans or grants, must be carried out using BIM technologies.

Russia is following the same route, however, private business is significantly ahead of government customers in the intensity of use of BIM. The number of BIM projects completed for private clients is an order of magnitude higher. Many developers often specify experience in BIM in their tender qualification requirements. General designers require the same from subcontractors. Now for design companies, non-use of BIM may mean loss of orders with a number of key developers in the country.

It can be expected that the transition to BIM of Russian companies will occur long before the moment when it will be critical for the implementation of government contracts.

Why don't all Europeans acceptBIM?

It cannot be said that the entire design and construction business is accepting BIM technologies with open arms.

For example, Finland, which is one of the pioneers in the implementation of BIM, cannot boast of its widespread use. For example, in 2015, a survey was conducted, the results of which caused concern among Finnish specialists, because information modeling was used only in 20-30% of companies and organizations in the construction industry. For example, if design companies use modeling in 50% of cases, and construction companies use BIM technologies in 40% of cases, then the share of customers who are ready to work with BIM does not exceed 10-20%.

Great Britain also faced this opposition, even in conditions when the state created certain financial benefits for those mastering information modeling technology. After realizing this fact, the authorities took more stringent actions to “stimulate” the transition to BIM.

We can draw the following conclusion that designers and builders are not always ready to switch to BIM technologies of their own free will. But they may be forced to do this by customer requirements.

At the same time, customers must first implement BIM technologies in their companies, which, obviously, will not be to everyone’s taste. In Finland, for example, 80% of customers do not have this in their plans at all.

Implementation levelBIM in Russia

I think you've heard that there are four levels of BIM technology implementation.

The vast majority (90-95%) of design companies in Russia are at the first level, carrying out projects using one or another degree of automation. Few companies (5-10%) who have been working in BIM for a long time reach, let's say, the initial stage of the second level.

It is important to understand that the design company will not be able to achieve the second level of BIM implementation on its own, since a significant share of the information at this level of implementation lies in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the customer and contractors. It is unlikely that pricing and labor costs will ever be left in the hands of designers.

It can be stated that in Russia at the second level there are single holdings or groups of companies in which development, design, construction management, general contractor and operation service are under one management.

The third level in Russia is still achievable in fantasy. In the UK, at government facilities, it should be achieved by 2025.

BIM is not 3D!

This must be clearly understood, because the model contains, in addition to the volumetric geometry (actually 3D) of all elements, a lot of additional information that can be used by estimators, purchasing specialists, work project developers, project managers, operation service, etc.

• 3D - a complete information model (project) of the building itself: architecture, structure, engineering systems.
• The 4D information model includes information that allows you to build and visualize a work schedule.
• The 5D model allows you to determine the cost of construction and its stages.

It is possible to continue this listing (6D, 7D...), adding levels that take into account the remaining life cycles of the building.

So who needsBIM?

Two years ago, while participating in a tender for the design of a residential building with a well-known developer, we asked why the customer required contractors to use Revit (one of the BIM design programs). He replied: “To avoid intersections between utility systems and structures on the construction site.”

Later, when communicating with other developers, we heard exactly the same arguments more than once. Everyone cares about intersections. With the help of BIM, customers wanted to solve the problem of insufficient qualifications of designers and builders.

However, this is the lowest possible level of BIM use. Professional designers and builders could easily design and build objects of any complexity without using these technologies.

The true purpose of BIM is much broader: to create not only an information model of the building, but also the entire construction process.

Let's draw an analogy between BIM technologies and accounting. Previously, all accounting was “on paper”: checkbooks, quarterly reports, journals, and to make payments you had to go to the bank. This is the level of complete lack of automation and interconnection.

Now all accounting and banking services can be in a smartphone: accept and make payments to counterparties, calculate and pay taxes, send reports to the tax office, communicate with the bank with the touch of a finger.

This is what BIM can do in construction.

The main target audience of BIM is customers who will potentially be able to manage the complex process of design, construction and operation with maximum efficiency and minimal effort.

What can a developer now receive fromBIM?

With the current development of BIM technologies in Russia, it is most reasonable for a developer (without exposing himself to significant costs) to count on the following:

1. Execute design documentation in BIM with a sufficient degree of elaboration. This will make it possible to avoid future changes to the building’s TEPs, because the model will take into account the actual dimensions of the shafts, all technical and other premises. Major collisions (intersections) will also be excluded.
2. Execute tender documentation in BIM, which will allow, in a relatively short time, to prepare quite accurate specifications and bills of quantities, according to which a tender can be held to select a contractor. The vast majority of collisions will be eliminated.

The implementation of functions for calculating costs and scheduling work can only be done with the direct participation of the customer, which means he will have to incur costs for BIM consultants or hire his own staff of BIM specialists to prepare all the necessary information for entering and adjusting the model.

In addition, taking into account changing conditions, during the implementation of the project the developer may change the order and sequence of construction, which will require significant adjustments to the model in terms of volumes and sequence of “occupations”.

How much do BIM programs cost?

There are almost no BIM programs that cover all sections; usually program developers cover individual sections:

• ArchiCAD - architecture;
• Allplan - architecture and constructive;
• Tekla - designs;
• MagiCad - engineering systems;
• NanoCAD - engineering systems and structures.

Complex BIM programs include the most popular in Russia Revit program from Autodesk, the average cost is about 75,000 rubles. per year per workplace.

Bucket of tar

The topic of BIM is very lively and is being quite actively promoted, instilling hope that this technology will quickly solve all design problems in Russia.

However, it is worth noting the following.

Many designers come to us who want to get a job. We have noticed that often the designer's knowledge of Revit and other modern programs hides his technical incompetence. Therefore, these designers’ 3D drawings look very impressive, but are completely illiterate from a technical point of view.

Therefore, the key task is to inspire real professionals with the idea of ​​switching to BIM technologies.

I have repeatedly encountered the situation that great masters of their craft never have problems receiving orders, so there is no point in deviating from the usual design for them. Once they change their minds, the design market will change quickly.

But how to do that?

Building Information Modeling (BIM) – translated into Russian: building information modeling. The abbreviation denotes a set of activities and works to manage the life cycle of a building, from design to dismantling. BIM technologies cover the design, construction, operation, and repair of a building or other structure.

What is BIM design

How BIM works

In practice, work on BIM goes through several stages:

1. Creation of an architectural 3D model of a building with all plans, views, sections necessary for the architectural solutions section. All components of the section are loaded automatically.
2. The designer enters the created model into a program that calculates the required parameters of the building’s constituent elements. At the same time, the program issues working drawings, bills of quantities, specifications, and calculates the estimated cost.
3. Based on the data obtained, utility networks and their parameters (heat losses of structures, natural light, etc.) are calculated and entered into the 3D model.
4. Upon receipt of the estimated volumes of work, specialists develop a construction organization project (COP) and a work execution project (WPP), and the program automatically draws up a work schedule.
5. Logistics data is added to the model about what materials and in what time frame must be delivered to the construction site.
6. Upon completion of construction, the information model can operate during operation of the facility using sensors. All modes of engineering communications and possible emergency situations are under control.

Benefits of implementing BIM

The use of BIM technology in construction implies an integrated approach at all levels of the construction process and has its own advantages at each level.

• 3D – visualization. Clearly informs investors, contractors, future residents, and inspection authorities about the condition of the property. Visualization is possible in various virtual systems (personal systems, VR glasses, CAVE - systems used for collective use).
• A 3D model is a centralized repository of all necessary data about a building. Allows you to quickly and efficiently make changes to design decisions, tracking the result in all interconnected projections.
• The use of BIM approaches in design significantly reduces the time required to prepare project documentation.
• The use of BIM technology reduces the likelihood of errors by identifying inconsistencies in engineering systems and communications within the design framework, and not during the construction or commissioning process.
• Visual calculations of building structures, development of engineering complexes using existing databases of standard structures and components.
• Management of work modes in real time, control over key indicators and compliance with work deadlines on any scale.
• Possibility of automatic uploading of survey and test results, design documentation and reports in electronic form at the request of the controlling organization.
• The ability to automate construction equipment management processes using design parameters entered into the machine.
• Possibility of data management. By changing the financial parameters of the project or labor costs in the specification catalogs, you can adjust the cost indicators of construction.
• Creation of a database of contractors, centralized management of accounting calculations, contracts, control over construction development programs.
• The introduction of BIM technology in design reduces cash costs and reduces the time it takes to put a building into operation.
• A building designed and constructed using BIM technology can easily be rented out or sold on more favorable terms than a building built using traditional methods and technologies. This is explained by the fact that it is easier and more efficient to operate a building with a ready-made operational model. If the GREEN BIM product was used when creating the model, then the cost of heating the facility will be lower.

One of the main advantages Вim design– obtaining comprehensive compliance of the parameters and operational characteristics of the constructed building with the Customer’s requirements.

Software for implementing BIM models

There are many software solutions that implement BIM modeling in construction. They can be paid or free, many allow cloud storage of BIM models and remote access. The most popular among them:

• AUTODESK REVIT. Provides simple and effective design of architectural solutions, utility networks and building structures. In demand in planning, design, construction, operation of facilities and their infrastructure. The program supports cross-industry design for teamwork. Imports, exports and links data in multiple formats (including IFC, DWG and DGN).
• For joint modeling, Revit Server is used, which organizes a common information space for cooperation with investors, contractors, and customers.
• ARCHICAD. Uses Virtual Building™ technology to simulate a building. It has a set of universal tools for modeling, creating working documentation, supports import, export, and visualization functions. Makes it possible to perform tasks individually or in a team, exchanging data with subcontractors.
• Tekla Structures. The product is used for working with metal structures in large-scale projects. Provides teamwork, information exchange and interaction between dozens of companies. Provides control over work processes and supports design automation.
• Tekla BIMsigh. Free professional software for organizing collective modeling of a construction project. Improving the quality of design work is achieved by: combining information models of an object created by specialists of different specialties, tracking inconsistencies between project elements, and ensuring effective interaction between participants.
• MagiCAD. The tool is based on the AutoCAD and Revit platforms and uses a modular design approach. It is distinguished by the creation of a high level of automation in the design of internal engineering systems. It is used in constructing spatial models, creating specifications, carrying out engineering calculations, and drawing up reporting documents. It has an excellent database for building utility networks with technical characteristics and a set of parameters.
• AutoCAD Civil 3D. The product is used in the design and production of documentation for infrastructure facilities. Supports visualization and analysis functions. The ability to collaborate coordinates the interaction of participants and resolves issues related to operational issues when designing infrastructure.
• Allplan. In demand for solving problems in the design of reinforced concrete structures. Is a BIM platform. Calculates site plans taking into account time costs, prices and quality.
• GRAPHISOFT, BIM – server. Required to support Teamwork, which gives simultaneous access to a project to a group of clients. Uses a network connection for several ARCHICADs that are clients for this system. Allows you to collaborate on large files. The main advantage of this server application is the ability to query, merge, filter BIM data.
• Renga Architecture. Domestic software product. It is easy to use and contains the function of using tools in three dimensions. It is a single platform for designers and architects. It has extensive capabilities for exporting and importing data into various formats. The program saves the received data in .ifc, .dxf formats, making it possible to use two-dimensional and three-dimensional results at all stages of collaboration on a project.

Tools for assembling a unified information model

The question remains: how can we ensure that architectural and engineering programs work together? In this case, the ability to interconnect different models and support the data exchange format is required. The issue is resolved by using the OpenBIM product.

OpenBIM represents the concept of a universal approach to project creation, construction and operation of objects, based on open standards and processes. This uses an open data model buildingSMART.

OpenBIM doesn't just create interoperability between program files, it supports interoperability at the workflow level. The best option for implementing the OpenBIM concept is considered to be the use of IFC - a file format that works to exchange data between various software products.

Conclusion: There are many ways to assemble a single BIM models. Virtual modeling requires a predictive approach, a look at several moves ahead. It is necessary to initially imagine how parts of the model, made using various programs, can then be assembled into a single working complex. For the case of assembling a model consisting of elements developed in various programs that have their own file formats, there is a federated model. In this case, the assembly of a single model from programs is performed in a special assembly program: Autodesk NavisWorks, Tekla BIMsight, etc.

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